The writer tried to study the characteristics of the satellite cities from the view point of the 'development of a city, and gave any example to Matsudo city in Chiba prefecture.
Matsudo has developed as a ferry-town, station-town and a port-town on the river of Edo, and then became the commercial and political center of its vicinity. By the expansion of Tokyo, Matsudo came to be joined with the residential districts, and turned into a satellite city of Tokyo.
In accordance with the change of the city functions, Matsudo had several different forms as follows.
City Functions City Forms
1st period station-town in a line along the road.
2nd period local center town occupying the low-land between
Edo river and the railway.
3rd period satellite city extending to the east of the
railway.

抄録全体を表示

This study examines changes in rice planting technology used by the Yoshino family during the forty-one years from KyOwa 2 (1802) to Tempo 13 (1842). It looks at the characteristics particular to each of three time periods, delineated by the degree of improvement in drainage conditions of the Sakagawa River. Although the impact of climatic fluctuations, which peaked in 1836, was felt during this period, the techniques of cultivation continued to intensify. The various aspects of the intensification of the techniques of cultivation are outlined below: i A complete shift from direct Toumomi rice seeding in submerged paddies to cultivation by setting seedlings. ii A decrease in the number of transplant seedlings needed per unit of planting area. iii A decrease in the number of days needed for soaking rice seeds. iv An improvement in the quality of seedlings and a decrease in the number of days needed for using rice seedling beds due to the amelioration of fertilization in rice seedling beds. v A shift towards earlier transplanting. vi An increase in the length of the growing period in paddy fields, which in turn provided for an increase in the quality of such growth. vii A shift in makeup from an emphasis on early Toumomi rice varieties to early and medium maturing varieties. As a result of the intensification of these techniques of cultivation, which proceeded primarily in line with a reduction in the number of transplant seedlings needed per unit of planting area, the Yoshino family benefited from significant increases in productivity from 1837 onwards.

抄録全体を表示

(1) During the Edo period, a rice plant of the Indica-type known as Tomomi rice was being directly seeded into some of the submerged fields in the Shimousa district. (2)The process of direct seeding in submerged paddies was known at the time as "Tumita." (3) Although referred to as Taito-tuchi, the soil of the paddy fields in which Tomomi rice was cultivated was peat soil. (4) The submerged fields composed of peat soil were subject to considerably deoxidized conditions. (5) The cultivation of Japonica-type paddies in Taito-tuchi paddy fields was considerably inhibited. However, Toumomi rice was characterized by the ability to grow even under deoxidized conditions. (6) Generally speaking, while the roots of paddy rice plants grow in all directions when cultivation is conducted by the setting of seedlings, they spread out at the surface when cultivation is conducted by direct seeding. The method of direct seeding in submerged paddies was a type of cultivation that took advantage of the special cultivation property marked by the spreading of roots over an oxidized surface. (7) Based thereon, it can be said that the type of cultivation involving direct seeding in submerged paddies was suitable for generating the large quantities of Tomomi rice by tillers. (8) The cultivation of Tomomi rice by direct seeding was a rational cultivation method conforming to the conditions to be found in unfavorable locations. (9) Consistent with what the above findings indicate, the approaches to the cultivation of paddy rice in the Shimousa district during the Edo period differed in accordance with the conditions of location as can be seen by noting that Tomomi rice was cultivated by direct seeding in Taito-tuchi paddy fields, whereas rice plants of the Japonica-type were cultivated by the setting of seedlings in paddy fields possessing slightly more favorable conditions

抄録全体を表示

赤堀川と権現堂川は，上利根川と中・下利根川をつなぐ流路であり，人工的に整備された。その整備は，権現堂川が戦国時代末期，赤堀川は近世初期である。権現堂堤は，権現堂川，その支川島川に沿った約10km の堤防で，戦国時代末期に一部造られたという。この堤防が決壊すると，埼玉平野で広く氾濫する。赤堀川拡幅と権現堂堤は密接に関係していた。赤堀川の流下量が増大すれば権現堂川の流下量が少なくなり，権現堂堤はそれだけ安全となるからである。 権現堂堤は宝永元年（1704）以降，度々決壊しており，とくに天明6年（1786），享和2年（1802）出水が大きな被害を出した。天明3年の浅間山噴火による大量の火山灰により，利根川河床が上昇したからである。天明6年の大氾濫は，日本堤で守られている隅田川右岸の浅草，日本橋などにも溢れるほどであった。享和3年，権現堂堤は大きく強化され，これ以降，決壊することはなかった。だが，その上流部の羽生領などで湛水害が増大し，赤堀川の拡幅，権現堂堤での圦樋の埋設などを強く要求した。文化6年（1809），赤堀川はその沿川や，その下流部の反対を押し切って拡幅された。 羽生領などでの根強い要求は，天保年間（1830～43）に実を結んだ。逆流樋門の移転，圦樋の埋設などが行われた。また，権現堂川流入口の杭出しが千本杭と言われるほど強化された。この千本杭に対し渡良瀬川下流部が強く反対し，3 年後にその撤去に成功した。それに合わせて赤堀川も再び，拡幅されたと思われる。さらに，江戸川流入口にある棒出しも強化されたが，渡良瀬川下流部は，これに対しても強く反発した。なお天保8年（1837），幕府役人が権現堂川締切りを主張した。 権現堂堤は，享和3年の強化以降，地元から「御府内囲堤」と呼ばれた。江戸市中を守る堤防との意があるが，江戸の氾濫状況から考え，江戸市中を守ることを主目的に強化されたとは判断できない。幸手領など日光街道が通って いる埼玉平野の防備が，主目的と考えている。

抄録全体を表示