本来は猿やその他の霊長類の腸管内に寄生する条虫, Bertiella studeri (AnoPlocephalidae) の北スマトラにおける人体感染の2症例を見出し, インドネシアにおける第11例目 (3歳, 女性) と第12例目 (成人男性) として報告した。
共に詳細な病歴は不明であったが, 排出虫体の形態によってB.studeriと同定された。現在, 世界的には総計47例の本虫感染例報告のある中で, インドネシアにおける本虫感染例が, 極めて目立って多い事が解った。
本虫の感染は自由生活性のダニ類の経口摂取にある所から, 人体への感染は偶然の機会に行われ, その感染予防の為には, 終宿主となる猿類を椰子の実取り等の労働に使用したり, ペットとして飼育する際に十分な注意を行う事が, 最も重要と考えられた。

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After the oral administration of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-ascorbic acid (IAsA) and 5,6-O-isopropylidene-ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (IAsS), vitamin C levels in blood, liver, kidney, brain and muscle were determined to investigate the con-version of these two compounds into vitamin C in rainbow trout (body weight 160〜190g). Total vitamin C contents of these biological samples were deter-mined by the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method [J. Biol. Chem., 168, 197 (1947), Vitamins, 43, 210 (1971)]. Vitamin C levels in blood and these tissues were significantly increased in the IAsA-administered group, but slightly in the IAsS-administered group. Therefore, IAsA may be more effective than IAsS as dietary vitamin C source for rainbow trout.

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The fractional determination of ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (AsS), ascorbic acid (AsA) and dehydroascorbic acid (DAsA) was examined by hydrazine method. By using bromine as oxidizing agent of AsS on hydrazine method, the formation of DAsA and inorganic sulfate was confirmed quantitatively, but stabled to 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP). When each value by hydrazine method from tissues extract oxidized with DCIP and bromine were numerically almost equal, in these tissues, determination of added or intubated AsS in the tissues were following. Half volume of AsS solution extracted with metaphosphoric acid solution was oxidized with bromine at 37℃ for 10 min. Bromine was expelled by N_2 gas after reaction. The remainder extract was oxidized with DCIP at room temperature for 5 min. Both oxidized solutions were treated by hydrazine method and determined photometrically at 530 nm, respectively. The AsS levels in AsS treated tissues were obtained from following equation, AsS=bromine value (AsS+AsA+DAsA)-DCIP value (AsA+DAsA). The detective percent of additional AsS in tissues were 90〜100 in this method.

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The antiscorbutic activity of 5,6-O-isopropylidene ascorbic acid (IAsA) and 5,6-O-isopropylidene ascorbic acid 2-sulfate (IAsS) in Hartley guinea pig fed a scorbutigenic diet has been investigated. Oral administration (0.1 mmol/animal) of IAsA completely prevented development of scurvy and continued to increase in body weight throughout the feeding experiment in guinea pig. An equimolar dose of IAsS did not prevent scurvy, and total vitamin C levels in tissues of IAsS-administrated animals were similar to those in C-free animals. The vitamin C Levels (μmol/ml or g) of IAsA, ascorbic acid (ASA), IAsS, and vitamin C deficient groups after the feeding test (IAsA, ASA group : 40 days, IAsS, C deficient group: 20 days) were 0.14, 0.11, 0.01, and 0.01 in blood, 4.90, 3.97, 0.07, and 0.05 in liver, 1.89, 1.47, 0.08, and 0.02 in kidney, respectively.

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体重150〜200gのニジマスを用いて以下の2通りの実験を行った.1)飼料100g中にAsSを2mmol添加し, ニジマスの体重の1%量を投与し経時的に血清, 肝臓及び筋肉中のTC, AsA及びDAsA量を測定した.そして等モルのAsA添加飼料を投与したものと比較した.2)肝臓抽出液中のAsS-sulfohydrolase活性を測定し, モルモット肝臓抽出液の酵素活性と比較した.1)ニジマスは成魚においても経口的に摂取したAsSを加水分解し, 臓器中AsAを増加させた.DAsA含有量はほぼ一定であった.肝臓において0時間のTC値55μg/gがAsS添加飼料投与後48時間で110μg/g, AsA添加飼料の場合は220μg/gまで増加した.血清, 筋肉においてもAsS投与区のC含有量は経時的に増加したが, AsA投与区のC含有量はAsS投与区を常に上回った.2)ニジマス肝臓中AsS-sulfohydrolaseの最適温度は30℃付近にあり, 最適pHは酢酸緩衝液を用いた場合が4.0,グリシン・塩酸緩衝液による場合が3.6であった.AsSの分解は酢酸緩衝液を用いた方が大きく, pH4.0,30℃の反応条件下で20時間までAsSから生成したSO^<2->_4を定量した結果, 10,20,60,1,200分における値は4.0,4.1,4.3及び5μmolであった.対照においたモルモット肝臓中AsS-sulfohydrolaseの最適温度は37℃, 最適pHは酢酸緩衝液中で4.0であり, in vitro, 最適条件下におけるAsS分解能はニジマスの場合と同じくらいであった.

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[I] Synthesis and vitamin C activity of L-threo-hexo-2-enaro-1,4-lactone (S-AsA) have been studied. (i) S-AsA was almost quantitatively obtained by the hydrolysis of 6-carboxyascorbic acid-2-sulfate (S-AsS) for 10 min at 100℃, which, in turn, was prepared by the selective oxidation of ascorbate-2-sulfate (AsS) over platinum black. (ii) The oxidative cleavage of S-AsS with bromine formed 6-carboxydehydroascorbic acid, of which intermediate gave S-AsA by the reduction with hydrogensulfide in a 65% yield. [II] The antiscorbutic activity of sodium salt of S-AsA (S-AsA・Na) was examined by the three methods in Hartley guinea pigs fed on a vitamin C deficient diet. (i) The antiscorbutic activity of S-AsA・Na was compared with that of equimolar AsA orally administered. (ii) Hartley guinea pigs, which had been fed on a vitamin C deficient diet and resulted in scurvy, were divided two groups. Each group was orally administered with AsA and equimolar S-AsA・Na, respectively. Recovery tests from the scurvy of these two groups were carried out. (iii) Because the guinea pig receiving S-AsA・Na suffured from scurvy, treatment effects of the double dose of S-AsA・Na orally administered and intraperitoneally injected were compared with those of AsA. The results of this investigation indicate that the close relationship may exist between structure of C-6 position of ascorbic acid analogues and the development of vitamin C activity, although S-AsA・Na does not prevent and cures scurvy in the guinea pig.

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AsSのニジマスに対するC作用について検討した. 1.ニジマス浮上稚魚を用いた152日間の飼育実験において変形魚はC欠乏区のみに発生し, AsS添加飼料投与区はAsA添加飼料投与と同様変形魚の発生がなかった. 2.変形魚が生存尾数の30%を越えたC欠乏区にAsAあるいはAsSを1mmol/100g含む飼料を飽食量投与した結果, 変形魚の発生は抑制された. 3.実験開始後119日目の臓器中C含有量はAsA添加区の値を100%としたとき, AsS添加区では肝臓が65%(177μg/g), 筋肉では69%(33μg/g)であった.C欠乏区はAsA添加区の2〜3%の含有量であったが2週間のAsS添加飼料による回復試験で肝臓は34%, 筋肉は58%まで回復し, AsA添加飼料では肝臓が90%, 筋肉が80%まで回復した. 4.脊椎骨中アミノ酸のHypro量は119日目のC欠乏区, AsS区及びAsA区はそれぞれ0.92,1.44,1.39g/100g, 152日目は0.83,1.37,1.38g/100gであり, AsS区とAsA区のHypro量はほぼ等しかった.C欠乏区に対するAsSあるいはAsAによる2週間の回復試験において, AsSとAsAはHypro含有量を著しく回復しその回復能力は同程度であった.以上の結果AsSはニジマス稚魚に対しC作用を有することを認めた.

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Improving the quality of the teaching profession course is of key importance as a policy issue. Looking at the current features of the course, we can see reinforced screening for prior evaluation for course approval as well as the enhanced field inspections conducted by the Course Approval Committee for post-evaluation purposes. However, it must be noted that the actual conditions and issues regarding both of these functions are still more or less a mystery. For this paper, I first drew up an accurate view of the current structure of these teaching profession course approval functions, focusing specifically on inherent problems and operational issues. Next, I revealed essential markers for the teaching profession course found in field inspections, and points of attention for future development. Finally, bearing in mind the roles of these functions, I discussed expectations of autonomous efforts to be made by universities to assure quality in teacher preparation. While opportunities for prior consultation are being provided (from April to the middle of June every year), applications for the teaching profession course are reviewed and screened. If revisions in content are seen as being needed as a result of the reviews, the applying university will receive guidance from the Educational Personnel Division of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. In some cases, a series of four or five reviews and screenings may be necessary on documents submitted by a university. In the field inspections conducted in FY2012, university teaching profession courses generally fulfilled the Educational Personnel's License Act. However, the inspections also revealed instances where the laws were not being followed properly, and where subjects related to the teaching profession were taught only by certain full-time lecturers. All universities with Teaching Profession Course Approval need to thoroughly understand that, under the top leader's initiative, they have responsibilities as teacher-training universities that include a certain level of commitment to society to operate teaching profession courses properly while satisfying pertinent laws and the Standards of Teaching Profession Course Approval.

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