The purpose of this paper is to clarify the pluralistic cultural history, characteristics of the regional formation process, and the influences of a pluralistic culture on Kume district in Naha city. Firstly, the formation process was analyzed on 3 levels: area, linear and spot. Then, focusing on Ryukyu, Chinese and Japanese traditional cultures, the influences of the cultures were analyzed as well. At last, a conclusion was drawn as follows: There is an obvious connection between Ryukyu's Utaki, Haisho and the greenbelts and parks of today. Kume village was built based on the principles of Chinese Fusui Philosophy. Kume Road was once the central part of the district, and was preserved as its symbol on the original location. Also, Japanese Buddhism and Shinto beliefs lead to the construction of many temples and shrines in the study area. Future regional planning works in these locations should be carried out taking the aforementioned conclusions into consideration.

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 This paper presents the process that was used in market planning and the development of commercial districts in Okinawa in the prewar period. The process reconstructed the spatial configuration of major markets and clearly depicted the transformation process of commercial spaces in local cities in Okinawa prefecture. This paper used mainly historical materials derived from chronicles of local history and market research records. The conclusions of this paper are as follows.

 1. Market transactions prescribed in Ryukyu society
 In 1879, the Meiji Government carried out the so-called Ryukyu annexation to abolish the Ryukyu domain. A market society was formed through the business style of brokers and the attraction of merchants. In market trading, the lower shizoku class wielded power. The collapse of Ohu was supposed to bring commercial freedom; however, it resulted in the reorganization of Ryukyu society. Among others, the old clothing market became a new market against this social backdrop. In other words, Naha’s market society internalized Ryukyu society.

 2. Social stratification and commercial space
 Kiryu-syonin were merchants from other prefectures who crossed the Okinawa Islands from the 19th century to the early 20th century. They were the pioneers of street commerce, acquiring land to develop residential lots by modifying the existing residential or ocean landfill areas. The townscape of the streets in Naha were renewed, from stone-walled houses to commercial buildings. From the above, it can be seen that Ryukyu society did not form a permanent commercial space. However, the city of Naha formed a commercial area after the Meiji era.
 In the 1880–1890s, the urban remodeling of Naha city was rare. The city of Naha was formed from the cities of poor residents. Naha's market was based on urban residents and the surrounding people.

 3. Establishment of the retail market facility
 In Naha, the city area was actively remodeled after the reform of the district in 1908. Among other events, the Great Fire Restoration arranged land affected by fire, while the Naha Port was renovated in the face of construction delays and a shrinking budget. The result was a retail market facility within the block that was closely tied to the urban structure. The Higashi town market plan was characterized by subdivided compartments based on different goods, and the main market building was constructed along the road with skylights on the roof top.
 However, the market development policy of Naha city failed because the market facilities couldn't be evaluated as a “public retail market” aimed at improving the pre-modern distribution system under the policy of the Ministry of the Interior.

 4. Reconstruction of conventional markets
 The management of conventional markets occurred in Naha and Shuri during the Meiji period. However, local cities under the Okinawa prefecture established market management and facility improvements. The arrangement of existing markets on the road became a problem of relocation of traffic, for example, the relocation from open air markets at the beach to the remains of the village public office (Miyako, Ishigaki), the improvement of roadside markets by the local people (Shuri), and the construction of market facilities by the administration (Naha). The maintenance process of such market facilities meant spatial transformation, renewing the existing city, substituting land use, and rebuilding the street side market.

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This paper considers the relationship between recent changes in the central business district of Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture, and major socio-economic developments in Okinawa during the post war period. The study area comprises 15 street blocks (chome) in central Naha, and data for the years 1954, 1964, 1974, 1984, and 1991 are utilized.
The main conclusions can be summarized as follows:
1. The CBD is generally limited to the officially designated Land Adjustment Project Area in Naha City. This area offers well-ordered plots of land, with good access to the arterial road system via Route 58. These are two major factors explaining why offices are attracted to locate in this part of central Naha.
2. Following the reversion of Okinawa to Japan in 1972 the Naha central business district experienced substantial change with regard to the range and type of business function. This was largely due to the fact that many companies based on the Japanese mainland set up branch offices in Naha City, thus broadening and diversifying local business activity.
3. Diversification of business activity was accompanied by increased local area specialization of business function. Such functional specialization is revealed by a comparison of the locations of 'branch offices' and 'business outlets'. The former tend to concentrate along Route 58, while the latter concentrate in the core, northern, and western areas of the business district.

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Conservation of S. histophorus is based on the "S. histophorus conservation plan for Nakagusuku Bay" during port development in Okinawa Prefecture. Avicennia marina, an introduced mangrove, is not native to Okinawa Island, but now covers many muddy tidelands, compromising the habitat of the rare fish S. histophorus in Nakagusuku Bay. We preliminarily explored how to exterminate A. marina, and then put our findings into practice.

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In this paper, the author describes the built-up process and the land-use changes in the urban core of Naha city, Okinawa. The urban core of Naha can be roughly divided into two areas : spontaneous and planed built-up areas by its forming process and shapes. The core part of old Naha city urbanized before the world war II were kept as an off-limits area till mid 1950s by the U. S. Forces. People who owned lands in the old Naha and who repatriated from the former Japanese occupation countries, inhabited in Tsuboya and Makishi on the lands allotted by the U. S. Forces from Nov 1945. These restrained inhabitation and sudden population increase in those areas resulted in the unplanned built-up area with labyrinthine alleys and complicated ownership of houses and lands. On the other hand, the land readjustment with gridiron streets pattern was in the core part of old Naha city completed by 1960 based on the City Planning Act of 1953, flowing the gradual restoration of lands from the U. S. Forces. As a result, above mentioned two areas have got distinctive morphological and socio-economic contrasts. In the planned area, land for business use increased and spread along the arterial road R58 and the workplace population increased in Kumoji and its adjacent areas between 1980s. As a result the present business district was formed and residential housing and vacant and parking lots decreased. In the spontaneous area, on the other hand, the day-time population was decreased more than the planned area. And there is mixed land-use include grave. Although the land-use for old wooden house was decreased, vacant or parking lots were more increased. In this condition, the conversion of land-use in this area had been stagnant. From these results, it can be concluded that the formative process of the built-up area have effect on the converting ability of the land-use in the urban core of Naha city.

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沖縄県は，「沖縄21世紀ビジョン基本計画」の下，サンゴ礁の保全や再生について様々な取り組みを行ってきた。赤土等の流出防止対策，下水道や農業・漁業集落排水施設，浄化槽など各種汚水処理施設の整備，保全利用協定制度の普及など，環境部だけでなく他の関係部局とも連携して実施してきたところである。本稿では，沖縄県が取り組む事業内容について報告するとともに，自然保護課において実施しているサンゴ礁保全再生に係る事業についても報告する。

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The records on a disastrous earthquake of July 25, 1882, southern Okinawa Island were discovered for the first time from nine archives. The most important are: “Okinawa-nisshi” written by Hatakeyama, a secretary of prefectural governor Uesugi; “Ryukyu-iki-nisshi” written by Ozaki, high official, dispatched from the central government to inspect a political situation in the Okinawa Prefecture; the official diary of the Okinawa Prefecture; and, the official document from the Okinawa Prefecture to the central government. Synthesizing these records, the earthquake happened between 1 and 2a. m., on July 25th, 1882, and aftershocks were intermittent for seventy days following. While there were no casualties, 500 stone walls were broken in Naha City. Analysing these records, the seismic intensity of this earthquake was probably 5. The reason why this earthquake was not discovered for about one hundred years is, firstly, the records of “Kyuyo”, an official document of the Ryukyu Kingdom, had already stopped, because the Kingdom was ruined three years before the earthquake, and secondly, the Japanese earthquake observation system was insufficient at the time of the earthquake.

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　設計沖波の検討を行う際の海上風推算では，可能な限り高精度の平面的な海上風場を求める必要がある．近年，局地気象モデルによる気象場の計算も広まりつつあることから，様々な擾乱を対象とする必要がある設計沖波の検討を例にして傾度風モデルや経験的台風モデルとの計算特性の比較を行い，局地気象モデルの適用性について検討した．この結果，局地気象モデルが設計沖波の検討時の新たな海上風推算モデルとして活用できることが確認できた．また，設計沖波の検証方法に資することを目的として，一般的なエネルギー平衡方程式法に基づく波浪変形計算とSWANを用いた計算結果の特性を示し，SWANが新たな検証モデルとして活用できることを確認した．

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琉球史における人口研究は，18世紀後半以降の総人口の減少と，一貫した町方人口の増加という特徴を挙げてきた。しかし，本稿はこれら先行研究のもとになった史料の数字を批判的に再検討するものである。具体的に，「琉球一件帳」や「中頭方取納座定手形」を取り上げ，従来の数字の解釈を批判的に検討し，総人口と地域人口の推移を整理した。　18世紀後半以降の琉球の人口推移は，総人口で増加傾向にあったが，町方人口は一貫して増加ではなかった。沖縄島で大きな人口増加が見られる一方，離島地域は人口の減少と停滞が顕著だった。このように，近世琉球の人口は多様な地域性をはらんで推移していったのである。

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In July and October, 1980,larval collections were carried out to clarify mosquito fauna and their habitats around the human dwellings at Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima. The results are summarized as follows : 1. In total, the following 15 species of 5 genera were collected : Anopheles sinensis, Tp. b. yaeyamensis, Ae. a. okinawanus, Ae. watasei, Ae. albopictus, Ae. f. miyarai, Ae. riversi, Ar. subalbatus, Cx. halifaxii, Cx. fuscanus, Cx. okinawae, Cx. bicornatus, Cx. ryukyensis, Cx. p. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Among them, Ae. albopictus was most dominant, making up 73 to 74% of the total catch in both islands. Ae. aegypti which was recorded frequently before in these islands, was not found in the present survey. 2. The predominant breeding sites of the mosquito were tin cans (31-32% of total sites), small earthen jars (23-24%), plastic containers and tires.

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This article investigates the migration of Japanese in the China Sea region, especially in and around Naha, the capital of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, between the 16th and 17th centuries. Previous research on the Japan-Ryukyu relations during medieval times has chiefly focused on the diplomatic relations between the Muromachi government, the Shimazu family of Satsuma, and the Ryukyus. It goes without saying, however, that the focus on state trade alone does not fully explain the historical relations between the two states. It is also necessary for us to consider such private aspects of trade as the activities of people who participated as well as recent findings on medieval maritime trade for a proper understanding of the relationship between medieval Japan and the Ryukyus. The migration of people from Japan to the Ryukyu Islands dates back to the 15th century. The "Ryukyu Kokuzu 琉球国図", a map of the Kingdom in those days depicts Japanese and Ryukyuans living together in Naha. According to the genealogical data on the Ryukyus, Japanese who had emigrated there during the 16th and 17th centuries through the transportation mode which had evolved at that time, can be divided into three groups, based on their places of origin: Kinai, Hokuriku, Kyushu groups. Those people were probably maritime merchants who commuted between the Ryukyus and Japan, but resided permanently in the Ryukyus and engaged in certain occupations, such as the administration of Naha, foreign affairs, medicine, and the tea ceremony. As for the structure of the port city of Naha, Naha-Yomachi 那覇四町, literally, the four townships of Naha, had developed on the fringe of the Chinese settlement of Kumemura 久米村, which was the core of Naha. The fact that Japanese institutions, such as a Shinto shrine, were located on the periphery of Naha-Yomachi shows that, like the goddess Mazu 媽祖 for the Chinese people, Naha was one of the overseas territories of Japanese merchants. Japanese immigrants resided together with Ryukyuans in Naha-Yomachi. During the 16th century, wajin (倭人), or armed Japanese merchants would throng into Naha in quest of the Chinese goods when ever Chinese envoys visited the Ryukyus. The Ryukyu royal government tried to restrict armaments, but failed. Japanese trading facilities called Nihon Kan 日本館 were set up in Naha. During the latter half of the 16th century, Kumemura, the center of Naha and the Chinese settlement, declined, while Naha-Yomachi prospered. During this period, the trade route between Japan and Fujian via Manila was established based on the active circulation of Japanese and new continental silver and Chinese raw silk. The Ryukyus functioned in it as an entrepot between Japan and Manila. It has been thought that the route from the Ryukyus to Southeast Asia was completely abolished in 1570, however, this is not true, for the Ryukyus changed its form of trade from state-sponsored trade to private trade carried out by wajin maritime merchants. The Ryukyus thus become a node connecting East to Southeast Asia.

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沖縄県におけるレプトスピラ保菌動物の現状を把握することを目的として小型哺乳類のレプトスピラ保有状況調査およびイノシシの抗レプトスピラ抗体保有調査を実施した.小型哺乳類の調査において, 219匹中9匹 (クマネズミ3, オキナワハツカネズミ3, ドブネズミ1, リュウキュウジャコウネズミ2) からレプトスピラが分離され, 分離率は4・1%であった.分離株の血清型は, 7株がjavanica, 1株がhebdomadis, 1株がcastellonisと推定された.イノシシの調査においては, 7つの血清型のいずれかのレプトスピラに対して51%(67/131) が顕微鏡下凝集試験で陽性であった.このことから, イノシシは沖縄県における重要なレプトスピラ保菌動物の一種であると思われた.血清型別では.hebdomadisに対する抗体陽性率が最も高く, 我々が1998年および2000年に実施した同地域における一般住民の抗体調査と同様な結果であった.

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Tere are many reports of the disease produced by infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. In these reports. various clinical features including symptoms, laboratory findings or certain specific findings in roentgenological examination of the gastrointestinal tract are described.But none of these have mentioned the findings of the endoscopic observation of duodenum and jejunum. Recently we experienced 4 cases of severe infection with Strongyloides stercoralis. Duodenofiberscopic examination by using FGDS (Machida) revealed serious duodenitis and jejunitis in all of the cases. Mucosal edema, whitish discoloration and turbidity of the mucosa with much of dirty mucus were noticed instead of normal velvety mucosal pattern. In some cases, ulceration or erosions with occaional bleeding were present. Especially in one of the cases, operated on the stomach by means of Billroth-II because of the duodenal ulcer, many shallow ulcers with slight stenosis were displayed in the jejunum. Bringing the f iberscope to the mucosa disclosed that tips of the many of the villi became thickened and club-shaped in all of the cases. These findings were very similar to macroscopic findings of the small intestine in the autopsy cases. Endoscopic biopsy of the jejunal mucosa in the gastrectomized case revealed severe infestation with many larvae as well as adult worms. These findings disappeared in a short period after taking a vermif uge, Thiabendazol. The features revealed by duodenof iberscopic examinations in 4 cases of serious strongyloidiasis are very interesting with regards to the diagnostics of small intestine by use of endoscope. We expect that in the near future it will become possible to observe endos-copically and take biopsy specimens under direct vision throughout the entire small intestine.

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A new device has been developed for measuring wave pressure at the field level. It is configured with a pressure and 3 directional acceleration sensors as well as a self-recording system with 32 MB memory. It can work for 45 days with a cell battery under 20Hz sampling frequency and costs less than one tenth of the existing cable type pressure measuring systems. Performance of the device has been tested on an upright section of a breakwater on coral reef flat in Okinawa of Japan. Data obtained shows that the new device may treat as reliable.
The pressure acting on a breakwater on the reef flat is strongly influenced by the water surface level rise of surf beat waves. Pressure distribution shows that pressure due to a short period wave can be estimated by the partially reflected wave theory, so that the resultant depth of still water level, wave set-up and surface level rise due to surf beat wave can be regarded as the design water depth.

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ブドウサンショウ樹を切り返しせん定し，切り返し程度が翌年の発芽や着果に及ぼす影響を検討した．結果母枝長によって3段階に分け，3段階の各々に対してせん定程度を無せん定，弱せん定，中せん定および強せん定の4区を設けた．切り返しせん定処理を行った翌年の発芽率，着花穂新梢率，花数および果房当たり果粒数を比較した．その結果，弱せん定区で花数，果房当たりの果粒数および結果母枝当たりの果粒数が多くなった．結果母枝長に関しては中程度の長さで花数，果房中果粒数および結果母枝当たりの果粒数が多い傾向を示した．発芽率はせん定程度が強いほど高くなり，着花穂新梢率は中せん定区および強せん定区で高い傾向であった．

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