本稿は,石川県を事例とし,大正・昭和戦前期の工芸振興に地方試験研究機関が果たした役割を考察したものである。農展・商工展に対し,石川県工業試験場,石川県立工業学校は,機関単独,機関共同に加え,地元工芸界に図案指導を行なうかたちで,多数の出品をなした。また,石川県商品陳列所は,講演・講習会の開催,内外の展覧会への出品の仲介などを通して,地元工芸界を中央の工芸界へと開く窓口的役割を担った。農展・商工展への地方試験研究機関の出品活動は,試験研究の成果に加え,地元工芸界に対する指導の成果を世に問うことでもあった。また,それは農展・商工展に集積した「デザインと技術」に関する先端的情報を収集し,試験研究に反映し,地元業者に還元する機縁をなした。政府にとっては,各地方の工芸振興の状況を把握する機会であった。同時に,農展・商工展の大規模化は,政府による工芸振興策の全国化にほかならず,地方試験研究機関は地方での受け皿としての役割をなした。その実態は,地方試験研究機関における商工技師の実践に象徴されている。

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明治初期農商務省は，陶磁器を主要輸出品とするため製陶器業界へ機械導入を推進した。それは，手工生産から工場制生産へと転換し生産の近代化を施策としたためである。有田・京都陶磁器業は，農商務省の近代化策をうけ，仏国リモージュの製陶機械一式を導入し，輸出陶磁器の大量生産をはじめた。一方，九谷陶磁器業の近代化は機械導入ではなく，納富介次郎等によって創設した工業学校での意匠・図案教育という視点での人材育成だった。この点についてはこれまで検討されなかった。本稿は，「温知図録」，「大正二年度経費決算及業務成績報告書」等の資料をもとに明らかにすることを意図したものである。

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Superconducting thick films (200± 50 μ m) were prepared by coating method on Ag or polycrystalline MgO substrate. The paste for coating was a mixture of single 2223 phase powder, an organic binder (PSO or polyethylenegrycol) and organic solvents, and it was prepared by calcined powder of Bi_1.8 Pb_0.4Sr₂Ca₂Cu_{3. 2}O_y . In the film from the PSO binder and Ag substrate high Tc and high Jc were obtained for 20h sintering time.

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We prepared BiSrCaCuO superconducting film by spincoating-pyrolysis method using a solution of propionic acid dissolving Bi_1.8Pb_0.4Sr₂Ca₂Cu_3.2O_y, oxide powder. As a result, film samples were mainly composed of the 2212phase. In order to increase the amount of the 2223phase, Ca and Cu acetates were added into the preceding solution and Bi:Sr:Ca:C??2:2:4:5 solution was prepared. On the film sample using the 2245 solution, the amount of the 2223phase increased by about 5 times. However impurity phases formed due to addition of Ca and Cu acetates bring about the increase of electric resistivty. X-ray diffraction lines of the 2223phase were broad and it shows that the 2223phase grew little because of the insufficiency of Pb-content.

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Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films were prepared on single MgO substrate by sol-gel method . As the starting solution, we used acetates-solutes butyric acid with the addition of aqueous ammonia . The films were prepared by repeating the process of coating and decomposition (at 700 C for 30 min) 3 or 5 times and by finally sintering at 855°C. for 12h . In the composition of Bi_aPb_bSr_2.0Ca_2.2Cu_3.2O_y (M=a+b, b=0.3a), M was changed 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2 and 3.4 and it was found that the optimum composition was M=3.2, and when the high-Tc phase amounted to 67% and Tc₀ (the critical temperature of zero resistance) = 93 K . As a reason of the existence of optimum M value, there was evaporation of Bi and Pb components which brought about impurities such as (Sr, Ca)₂CuO₃ for small M(≤2.8) . On the other hand for large M (≥3.0), it gave rise to precipitation of impurities such as CuO. We used Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in observing surface microstracture, and we could find the height difference without sputtering gold in SEM observation.

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Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films were prepared by Sol-Gel method using a solution of acetate and propionic acid. Starting solution with moler ratio of Bi_2.2Pb_0.4Sr₂Ca_2.2Cu_3.2O_y was spin-coated onto poly-crystal MgO, single-crystal MgO and Ag substrate and then heated to decompose after drying in air. Films were prepared by repeating the process from the coating to the decomposition for 10 times and these were sintered at 840-855°C for 30min. Bulk samples were also prepared for comparison. In the case of bulk samples, percent of 2223 phase increased from 49% to 63% when the sintering temperature rised from 840°C to 855°C. On the other hand, in the case of film samples of sintered at 855°C, the percent of 2223 phase was 10% on poly-crystal MgO but 85% on single-crystal MgO. Film sample sintered at 840°C on Ag substrate was composed of single phase of 2212 phase.

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Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films were prepared by metalorganic deposition on single LaAIO₃(100) substrates using acetate solution of starting composition Bi_2.46Pb_0.74Sr_2.0Ca_2.2Cu_3.2O_y. The films were prepared by repeating the process of coating and decomposition( at 700°C for 30 min ) 5 times and finally sintering at 855°C for 12 hours. The values of T_co and J_c of 1.5 μm thick films were 98K and 1.2×10⁴A/cm²(64K, OT) respectively. The result of x-ray pole figures has shown that these films were epitaxial through a good lattice match of LaAlO₃ substrates. ICP analysis showed that mole ratio of Pb was lower than 0.1 in the film on MgO(as mole ratio of Cu=3.2).

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The electrochemical reduction was applied to porous Bi-Cu system superconductor in 0.05N:Ca⋅(NO₃)₂⋅4H₂O, 0.03N:Sr(NO₃)₂, 0.05N:Pb(NO₃)₂, 0.05N:Cu(NO₃)₂⋅3H₂O in methanol using platinum as the counter electrode. Changes in crystal phase and morphology by electrochemical treatment were investigated by XRD, T_c, oxygen content by iodometric titration and SEM method. T_c(onset) of the sample of the 30Å phase treated electrochemically in Ca²⁺ solution was highest, and enhansed by 9K, but that of the 37Å phase being decreased. The oxygen content was decreased by 0.14 maximumly, and the c lattice constants were stretched a little except in Cu²⁺ Solution. In the SEM observation, the reaction proceeded to the inner part of sample except in Cu²⁺ solution. Then this reaction is considered to be a reduction in which deposited particles react with oxygen atoms in the samples and followed by stretching of the c lattice constants. It was found that a the sample of the 30Å phase could be reduced in liquid phase as well as in gaseous phase.

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We Prepared Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 films on polycrystal MgO substrate by using sol-gel method. We soaked them in water, acetone, propionic acid, or solution of pH 2.0-4.7, and we investigated by X-ray diffraction and SEM methods how crystal phases and morphology changed by soaking.
For the sol-gel method, we chose metal acetates as solutes and propionic acid as a solvent without controlling pH. Although any change was not found on film samples soaked by water or acetone, the dissolution of Bi-system was found for the samples soaked by proplonic acid. The dissolution is considered as the reason why the thickness could not increase after several coating of starting solution without controlling pH. By controlling pH by addition of aqueous ammonia, we obtained the viscosity of starting solution of 42mPa⋅s and the thickness of coat-ing film.

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We prepared Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films on single crystal MgO substrate by sol-gel method. As the starting solution, we used the propionic or butyric acid solution prepared by solving acetates or 2223 phase powder. MgO substrate was coated with the starting solution using a spin coater and heated for 30min at 700°C. This process was repeated several times and the film was heated at 855°C for less than 24h. The film samples obtained from acetates-solute butyric acid were soaked in water or acetone in order to study their effect on Tc_o. The Tc_o of sample soaked for 24h in water was lower by 5K than that of sample before soaking(Tc_o=77K). For the films obtained from 2223 oxide-solute propionic acid, the percent of 2223 phase increased from 0 to 30% when the sintering duration at 855°C increased from 1 to 12h.

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Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films were prepared on poly- or single crystal MgO substrate by sol-gel method. For the starting solution, we used acetates-solutes propionic(C₂H₅COOH) or butyric acid(C₃H₇COOH) with or without the addition of aqueous ammonia. The films were prepared by repeating the process of coating and decomposition(at 700°Cfor30 min) 3-10 times and by fin ally sintering at 855°C for 12h. The increase of CH₂ number of solvent and the addition of NH₃⋅H₂O increase the values of pH and viscosity of the solution. These increases make a film twice thickerthan the film obtained from propionic acid solution. For the film sample prepared using butyric acid solution with 6 vol% of NH₃⋅H₂O, the percentage of high-Tc phase was determined by XRD(002) lines to be 40%, which was higher by 7% than that of the film prepared using propionic acid solution. The highest value of Tco(77K) was obtained for the film using butyric acid-NH₃⋅₂0 system.

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For many years a high-powered damping material has been requested for use in various industrial products. Viscoelastic, composite or sandwich materials have been developed and used only to be revealed as insufficient below 200 Hz. This paper introduces a lightweight, low-priced, and high-powered viscoelastic damping layer, in which varisized masses are distributed to compose dynamic dampers. The dynamic spring constant of the damper depends on d/h : d is the diameter of the mass and h is the height of the layer underneath the mass. The experiment manifests remarkable effects of the damping layer : only four or six masses are enough for the layer of 0.5 m×0.5 m size, the masses have exclusive effects for their respective natural frequencies, and the masses distributed regularly can be sufficient. The analysis of the FEM model with damping masses proves approximately the same effect as the experiment.

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The electrochemical reduction was tried for Bi_2.2Sr_1.8CaCu₂0_8+z pellet in 0.01N AgNO₃ and CuSO₄ ⋅5H₂O in methanol with silver and copper as the counter electrode. The resistance decreased by Ag particle deposition at the grain boundaries, and its decrease brought about the enhancement of Tco. Bi-2212 sample was reduced by Ag to about 0.24 mole fraction and by Cu to about 0.07 mole fraction. Tco was enhanced by 4K for the former and Tc(onset) was enhanced by 5K for the latter. The oxygen content of each sample was determined by ordinary iodometric titration

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Laminated TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/ITO and TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/glass films acting under visible light irradiation were prepared by sol-gel processing as well as TiO₂/V₂O₅/ITO or TiO₂/WO₃/ITO films. Under Xenon lamp irradiation, the rate of bleaching of Methylene Blue (M.B.) on TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/ITO or TiO₂/WO₃/ITO was found to become greater than that of the original TiO₂/glass which was the best under black light irradiation. The TiO₂/Fe₂O₃/glass, whose Fe₂O₃ was confirmed to be formed as α-hematite by using Mossbauer measurement, seems to be applicable because of its photocatalytic ability.

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Laminated TiO₂/V₂O₅/ITO films acted under visible light irradiation were prepared by sol-gel processing. The absorption band of the TiO₂/glass was found to shift to visible light regions using laminated TiO₂/V₂O₅/ITO films. The rate of decomposition of CH₃CHO on laminated TiO₂/V₂O₅/ITO films was found to become more quickly than that on TiO₂/glass under Xenon lamp irradiation. The earth connection seems to eliminate electron-hole recombination centers.

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