エクリチュールの基底部で、近世と近代の転換点を見ようとするとき、その位置は一八六八年にあるというのではない。むしろ、オランダ語学史あるいは中国語学史などの観点からみると、エクリチュールの質は、ほとんど変質していないことにきづく。一九世紀という状況の中に、「柳橋新誌」を一つの介在物として、この意味を考えてみたい。

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Most current dictionaries say that “Kirin” is a correct Japanese translation of giraffe, which is an Arabic word meaning “fast walker.”
Japanese and Chinese words usually use the same Chinese characters, but the Chinese word for giraffe is Changjinglu (長頸鹿) “long-necked deer”, whereas Kirin is a mythical animal that traditionally appeared in connection with the arrival of a saint.
In the Ming dynasty, Kirin was used in the meaning of giraffe in China, some of which passages the writer found in 'The History of Ming (明史).'
But as more people saw giraffes, they became more aware of the differences between Kirin and giraffe.
In 1860, Gempo Mitsukuri tried translating the Latin name Camelopardalis (camel-panther) into 'Hyoda.'
But in 1907 when the first giraffe was actually imported to Japan and called a Kirin by Dr. Chiyomatsu Ishikawa (first director of Ueno Zoo), “Kirin” became the official word in Japan.

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Ranald MacDonald (1824-1894) who got into Japan in 1848, when the doors of the country were closed to foreign countries, taught English to Japanese Dutch interpreters at Nagasaki for about 6 months, while he was imprisoned there. The names of the 14 students in his list have been identified. Their ages raged from 16 to 73, and their ranks as interpreter varied from the lowest to the highest. They were from families engaged in the hereditary occupation for about 200 years by that year. A few of them had already possessed certain knowledge of English. Moriyama was an interpreter on the occasion of Capt. Mercator Cooper's visit to Japan in 1845, when he translated Government orders to the Captain into English, and Uemura was one of the Dutch interpreters who started to study English under the Government orders in 1809, having Yan Cock Blomhoff at Dutch factory as their teacher of English, who, in the strict sense, was Japan's first teacher of English. Fathers or grandfathers of most of MacDonald's students were Blomhoff's students. The significance of MacDonald's English teaching was that it was by the first English teacher whose native language was English, and that it firmly took root in this country. In September 1850, about 18 months after the departure of MacDonald from Japan, all the Dutch interpreters were ordered to study English and Russian languages, and to compile an English-Japanese dictionary. Moriyama was one of the two responsible for this project. Unfortunately, the dictionary was unfinished after completion of 7 volumes on A and B, because the interpreters become too busy to continue compiling another, being forced to be involved in the negotiations of Japan with foreign countries after the visits of Perry and Putyatin in 1853. However, the knowledge of English taught by MacDonald was shared among their colleagues during the period of about 3 years' learning, and not only his students but also those who learned from them made great contributions to the civilization of Japan, by devoting themselves in their work, teaching English, and transmitting western culture.

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When I found that the equivalent to hippopotamus was Kawamuma (河馬) in AN ENGLISH-JAPANESE DICTIONARY ('薩摩辞書') in 1869, I wanted to know when and how Kawamuma changed into Kaba (河馬).
In Dutch-Japanese dictionaries compiled in the Edo era, I couldn't find the entry word of 'nijlpaard' which is the Dutch equivalent to hippopotamus.
A Chinese word河馬first appeared in A POCKET DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH AND JAPANESE LANGUAGE ('英和対訳袖珍辞書') in 1862. How was the translation of河馬made?
After presenting a report at the regular monthly meeting in May, 1988, the writer found'地球説略'which was put guiding marks beside Chinese characters by Gempo Mitsukuri (箕作阮甫).In this book, hippopotamus appeared as海馬.And by comparing'海國圖志'which was put guiding marks by Gempo Mitsukuri, '海國圖志'in the original in 60 vols. and the enlarged edition of which in 100 vols., the writer deduces that Gempo Mitsukuri played an important role in the introduction of the Chinese word河馬.
According to the writer's research, '改正増補英語箋'in 1872 was the oldest book in which hippopotamus appeared as河馬with small kana printed alongside the Chinese characters.

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In 1872, two vocabulary books titled Kaisei Zôho Eigo Sen (改正増補英語箋) were published, each of which was a revised and enlarged edition of Eigo Sen (英語箋), published in 1861. One was published in Tokyo, the other in Osaka.In this paper they are called the Tokyo edition and the Osaka edition. They are very similar because both of them were compiled mainly from the same vocabulary books : Eigo Sen and the Igirisu Tango Hen (英吉利単語篇) group of texts. However, the editors of the Tokyo and Osaka editions are different and there are some differences in content as well.
This paper points out the following matters on how Eigo Sen was enlarged into two editions titled Kaisei Zôho Eigo Sen.
1. Two texts were used in enlarging the Tokyo edition : (1) Zôtei Kaei Tsûgo (増訂華英通語), a vocabulary book revised and enlarged by Yukichi Fukuzawa, published in 1860; (2) Chikan Kelmô (智環啓蒙), a textbook used at Anglo-Chinese College, written in English and Chinese, and published in 1857.
2. The Osaka edition was enlarged using New Guide to Modern Conversations, compiled by Bellenger, and reprinted in Tokyo in 1871.
3. In a previous study, it was argued that the Osaka edition was enlarged using the so-called Satsuma Jisho (薩摩辞書).This paper points out that the first edition of Satsuma Jisho, published in 1869, was used, but probably not the 1871 second edition.
4. A table shows how many words were extracted from Eigo Sen, the Igirisu Tango Hen group of texts, Zôtei Kaei Tsûgo, New Guide to Modern Conversations, and Satsuma Jisho in each edition of Kaisei Zôho Eigo Sen.

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Egeresugo Jisho Wage, Engelsch en Japansch Woordenboek, 1851-1854, is the second English and Japanese dictionary compiled in Japan. The compilers, Kichibe Nishi and Einosuke Moriyama and eight others, were the interpreters trained in Dutch, who had the government orders to study English and Russian languages besides Dutch and to compile such a dictionary. Based on John Holtrop's English and Dutch Dictionary, 1823, seven volumes consisting of four on A and three on B (up to the word“Brewis”) were completed and submitted to the govenment in four years up to November 1854, when the compilation had to be stopped because the interpreters became so busy with their primary professional work involved in one of the biggest events in the history of this country, the opening of Japan, that they could not have time to spare for the dictionary.
The seven volumes of this unfinished dictionary in manuscript remain in the Nagasaki Prefectural Library. The results of the analysis of these volumes as well as of the personal histories of its compilers given in this paper have revealed the deep significance of this dictionary and the compilers in the history of English teaching and learning in Japan.

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　In 1822, five years after the Meiji Restoration, the Ministry of Education established the Shojaku-kan, the National Library of Japan, at Yushima in Tôkyô.
　Just before that, Ichikawa Seiryû, a govemment official of the Ministry of Education, presented a memorial to the Minister that he should establish a National Library open to the public as a reference library. Also Ichikawa described in detail the administration of the British Museum Library in London which he had previously visited. The memorial was so effective that the library was established. This is a well known fact in the history of Japnese libraries. However, we did not know anything about Ichikawa Seiryû.
　In 1976, I wrote an article about him and described him as Ichikawa Wataru, one of the servants of a member of the Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1862. He wrote an account of the trip. Sir Emest M. Satow, a member of the Embassy of Great Britain in Japan, translated it into English. The title was “Diary of a member of the Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1862-1863, a confused account of a trip to Europe, like a fly on a horse's tail.” The Chinese and Japanese Repositry, which serialized the article, discontinued in December, 1869, because the firm went bankrupt, and one third of the account was not printed.
　The account was not published in printed book form in Japan. It was read by means of transcribed copies. We can now find eight copies listed in the Union Catalog of Old Books in Japan. I have seen all of them and do not believe, however, that they are in his hadwriting. The British Library has a copy also which was obviously written by Ichikawa himself and sent to the Library by Sir E. M. Satow in May, 1874. At the end of this copy, Ichikawa wrote two Japanese poems beautifully in a postscript, and it shows that he belonged to the Chikage-ryû school of Katô Chikage, one of Japan's famous calligraphers.
　At first, Ichikawa's forename was Akira or Wataru. After 1870 he changed his forename to Seiryû. Also he had the pseudonymous names Baizan, Baizan-ufu, and Ôha. There are a few books which use only his pseudonyms.
　From 1870 on, just after the Meiji Restoration, he became a petty official of the Miinistry of Education. His job was the proofreading of textbooks. According to another authority, it also meant writing for woodcut block printing. We can find his name as a proofreader of several books published by the Ministry of Education.
　There are five or six books with the preface written by Ichikawa at that time. He wrote several books for young adults to study Japanese history, edited a dictionary of personal names, and also a few dictionaries of clsssical Chinese in Japanese. Ichikawa was the publisher of twelve or more volumes of books other than his own works. At that time, the publisher had to apply to the Ministry of Education for permission to publish a book, so the publisher would ask officials of the Ministry to be publishers to get permission easily.
　In 1867, Ichikawa published a word book of English for beginners. It contained 1470 words, nouns only, with Japanese translations and pronunciations with Kana-Japanese phonetic signs. He tried to add an illustration for each word, which he found difficult. In 1872, he published it again with illustrations, even for abstract nouns. It is a very interesting book. I do not know when he leaned English.
　His last work was a small dictionary of classical Chinese quotations in the fall of 1878. We do not know th date of his death.
(Please check the PDF for all the contents)

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