This study aims to reveal the process of the formation and evolution of the theory of the educational labor movement in postwar Japan. While recent studies of teachers’ unions have discussed the Japan Teachers’ Union (JTU), this study focuses on a local case in Kyoto and considers transnational political contexts and the recognition of local leaders and some intellectuals through a historical analysis of discourse on documents of labor union. This analysis reveals two major points. First, in Kyoto, the theory of education movements used “national education” as a key phrase, developed from the late 1950s to the early 1960s through the cooperation between the Kyoto Teachers’ Union (KTU) and some intellectuals. These constituents constructed a theory of educational movement, referring to Soviet pedagogy and speeches of Chinese communists. The theory, integrating educational and labor movements, is unique and different to JTU’s theory. The Kyoto Education Center, founded in 1961, attempted to spread KTU’s theory through official bulletins and booklets. In response, several teachers discussed new curricula and methodologies of teaching. Second, the key phrase of KTU’s theory changed to “democratic education” in the early 1970s. Leaders and intellectuals of the KTU attempted to develop further local social movements in Kyoto by providing new programs based on the Constitution of Japan and the Fundamental Law of Education. In addition, the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) criticized the Soviet Union and China in the 1960s and came to have a new democratic policy in the early 1970s. The actions of the JCP most likely affected educational movements and labor movements.

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Satsuma Iwo-Jima Island (SIJ) is a small volcanic island located on the north-westernmost margin of the Kikai caldera. The acidic mineral-rich hot springs cause various tonal changes of seawater in and around of this island. The red sea water depended on high density of Fe²⁺ (191ppm) can be seen at Nagahama Port on a large scale. At this port, microbes which metabolize Fe²⁺, make microbial mats and typical terrace-like sediment (bio-terrace). Extra cellular substance secreted by microbes adhere sand grains, and after that this bio-terrace is formed by cementation. The build-up of bio-terrace is very fast and piled up over 1 meter in just 3 months. SIJ is a good example where we can research the developing process of ancient stromatolite.

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One of the most important facts in the world of postwar Japanese sociology is that the influence of Marxism has strengthened and the “fixation” of marxists, though in small numbers, was seen for the first time. This current became conspicuous before and after 1960 and has appeared as a methodological and ideological criticism of epigonen of American sociology.
But the fixation of Marxists in the world of sociology does not necessarily mean the fixation of “Marxist sociology” Or rather Marxists themselves are negative in arguing the problem of “Marxist sociology”. Needless to say there are various circumstances, and to treat this problem much prudence is required. And yet the new characteristics of modern (monopolistic capitalist) society and the practical theme of the structural revolution accompanying it urge us to examine throughout whether the formation of a “Marxist sociology” is possible or not. Therefore the current of Japanese sociology will be mostly determined (between the latter half of the 1960's and 1970's) by fixed Marxists: whether they will follow the direction of “development” or “stagnation”.

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In this article, the writer intends to consider the situation of "The Sociology of Law Series" (Hoshakaigaku Koza) edited by T. Kawashima in 1972-73, in the current of the sociology of law in Japan.
It will be highly evaluated, on the one hand, that the growth of the sociology of law in Japan and foreign countries is described by many scholars in 10 volumes of the Series. On the other hand, however the Series have some parts to be criticized. Centering around Volumes 3 and 4, it seems that the explanation of basic method of the sociology of law is insufficient.

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1. Es ist im allgemeinen anerkannt, daß M. Weber einer von ausländischen Gelehrte, die, wie K. Marx und E. Ehrlich, auf die Entwicklung der Rechtssoziologie in Japan grossen Einfluß gehabt haben, ist. Es ist auch weit und breit bekannt, daß Dr. T. Kawashima für Einnahme der Methodenlehre der Sozialwissenschaft von M. Weber und für Erforschung seiner Arbeiten in Bereich der Rechtssoziologie die führende Rolle gespielt hat, und daß er heute noch eine Stelle als Kern in diesem Bereich eingenommen hat. Wenn man an die Entwicklung der japanischen Rechtssoziologie seit dem Kriegsende zurückdenkt, ist es daher unentbehrlich, zu untersuchen auf welcher Weise die Methodenlehre der Sozialwissenschaft von Weber und seine Arbeiten in die japanische Rechtssoziologie, insbes. in die von Dr. Kawashima, aufgenommen wurden, und welche Gepräge sie in Japan gefunden haben.
2. Nun kann man darauf hinweisen, daß sich die Auffassung, nach der Marx und Weber nicht gegenüberstehend, sondern zusammenfügend gefassen werden könnten, hier in Japan herrschend, natürlich in verschiedenen Formen, gelten. Diese Neigung in japanischer Rechtssoziologie ist, wie mir erscheint, auf viele Arbeiten von Kawashima zurückzuführen.
Nach meiner Meinung aber stehen Weber und Marx einander endgültig gegen-über, sowohl im politischen Prinzip wie im philosophischen Standspunkt, eben infolgedessen wie in der Methodenlehre der Sozialwissenschaft. Besonders zwischen der sog. "methodischen Individualismus" von Weber und der "materialistischen Geschichtsauffassung" von Marx bleibt noch ein unüberwindlicher Gegensatz.
3. Nach den ober erwähnten Gesichtspunkte überblicke ich die wesentlich gegen-sätzlichen Kernpunkte zwischen Marx und Weber, und dann untersuche die Methodenlehre der Rechtssoziologie von Dr. Kawashima.

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