筆者は中国麹である曲を中国ので収集し, 曲からカビ, 酵母, 乳酸菌を分離同定した。カビはリゾープス属菌が主要菌であるが, 酵母, 乳酸菌も検出ざれた。
本稿は, その曲を用い小仕込試験を行って, もろみ中の微生物の推移に検討を加えた, 極めて貴重な解説である。

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A new middle class is forming in large Chinese cities. The people among this class take more and more interest in green food, which, along with its high quality and safety has also been regarded as an important strategic good in urban supermarkets. People show high expectation for such green food. However, there are still many problems; specifically that the concept of green food is not well known and therefore, resulting standards have not been established. The label identifying green foods arouses consumers' suspicion and few sales counters are available to make for convenient purchase. Finally, a reliable distribution and stocking system have not been established.

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Due to deregulation in power sector, several planning and analytical models are being developed based on previous models, which used to be applied power system before deregulation. However, basic structures of the most of model are not changed so drastically. For example, understanding market structure such as old system in California or PJM, it is the best way of understanding several power production models. These market systems are well designed based on dispersed method for determining dispatch of power stations. Also, these modeling are now including Risk Management methods to evaluate position in trading and strategies of those companies.

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Recently, two different routes of rice distribution channels have been observed in China: one conducted under government management and the other following the market function. This paper points out that, despite the numerous problems which are necessary to solve, these different rice distributions channels are leading to a diversification of the rice market in China.

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中国の森林資源は著しく劣化が進んでいる。ことに東北国有林区では資源の枯渇によって木材生産ができなくなっているところもある。しかし,こうした全体的な資源状況の中で,かつて無林少林地区といわれた地域で人工林が造成され,今日平原林業と呼ばれるまでに発展した。これは農民を動員した緑化政策に負うところが大きいが,もう一つはこの地域では自由な木材市場が開かれ,農民が自由に木材を販売できる仕組みがあったことである。本論文は平原林業地区における実態調査資料,歴史•背景資料,統計資料などを用いたと統制市場の比較に基づき,平原林業地区における木材市場の展開過程を分析したものである。分析の結果,平原林業の発展をもたらした大きな要因が木材市場の展開であることが明らかになった。

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中国の集市（伝統的市）は，定期市と毎日市からなり，長い歴史の中で発展をとげ，民国期には5万余が存在していた．革命後の社会主義化の流れの中で，集市には一定の規制が加えられ，集市の数は次第に減少し，特に左寄りの政策が実行された時期には取引が衰退した．しかしながら改革開放期に入ると，集市取引はむしろ奨励され，多数の集市が復活・新設され，集市取引高も年々急拡大した．都市部では出稼農民や失業者が，農村部では兼業農民が市商人に参入した．ところがこのような集市の繁栄にも，近年，明らかに陰りの傾向（集市数の減少，集市取引高の停滞，小売販売総額に対する集市売上高の割合の低下）が見て取れる．常設店舗の叢生，モータリゼーションの進展，退路進庁政策，スーパーマーケットの普及等が影響していると考えられる．

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The"Marketplace of Ideas"theory, articulated and explicated by Justice Holmes and Justice Brandeis of the Supreme Court in the early 20th century, has played a crucial role in the development of the free speech theory in America. The essential scheme of this theory, called the"Holmes/Brandeis tradition", serves as a basic framework for free speech thought even at the present time. However, this theory has some problematic tendencies: an underestimation of speech harm(harm done by speach) and belief in a rigid division of speech and conduct. Indeed, these tendencies are the products of the factual situation unique to that time, but they came to be called into question, as the scope of the protection under the First Amendment was expanded to include"peripheral"speech, which in the Holmes/Brandeis view used to be outside this protection. Against these tendencies, a new trend of criticism arose in the last decade. The critics in the 1980's advocated the need to trim the margin of free speech protection, claiming that speech does harm to the weak such as women and racial minorities, and the free speech system works to perpetuate the current disparity of power in the private sphere. To ameliorate the status quo, they call for speech regulation as a corrective measure. Inspired by this criticism, there came a series of movements to"reconstruct"the"Marketplace of Ideas"theory around 1990. The basic feature of them, exemplified in the works of Bollinger, Sunstein and Strauss, lies in the search for possibility that there might be some middle course, superior to either the"Holmes/Brandeis"approach or the approach of the critics of the 1980's. They squarely care about the speech harm and reconceptualize free speech by attenuating the sharp line drawn between speech and conduct. This enterprise is still in the embryonic stage and one needs to follow the further development for an evaluation. But at least for now, the"reconstruction"can be seen as a worthy one, carving out a new way in free speech thinking.

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