【目的】日本の病院では死亡した患者に対して，退院までの間に医療スタッフが哀悼の意を表する慣習がみられる．全国での見送りの実態を知る予備調査として，死亡確認から退院までの流れを調査した．【方法】全国の病院に勤務する医療者を対象に，インターネットを利用した質問紙調査を実施した．【結果】アクセス数345, 有効回答数101．夜間・休日の看取りは87%が当直・当番医だった．搬送業者のお迎えは77%が病室まで来ていた．

This study aimed to grasp the current situation of ongoing “tomb dismantling”. Tomb dismantling is to remove remains of ancestor and restitute the division in a graveyard for reasons such as the absence of successor. A questionnaire survey was conducted to all 179 local municipalities in Hokkaido focusing on the current 5-year-state of the number of neglected tomb, group burial sites and transfer of remains. As results, the following insights were obtained. The number of neglected tomb was steadily increasing and the tomb dismantling by administrators increased approximately twice. The restitution of cemeteries from users has increased steadily by about 1.5 times over the past five years, accounting for about half of the relocation of remains. The graveyard officer recognizes that the main reason for tomb dismantling is due to lack of successors, change of residence, and then a change to a new burrials. In recent years, public graves have spread. In the past five years, the total acceptable amount of remains has been tripled, and the actual number of burials has also doubled. The number of remains transferred has increased 1.5 times over the last five years. The move to the public cemetery has increased by a factor of 4.5, and it is becoming the main destination after tomb dismantling. As the remains transferred beyond the scope of local municipalities when new group burial sites are built, the group burial sites are considered to be a major factor in accelerating tomb dismantling.

ABSTRACT The Second and Third Dynasties in Egypt were a transitional period towards the establishment of the canonical offering ritual in the latter half of the Fourth Dynasty. While this period is significant for the formation of a standardized ritual in the Old Kingdom, there are no studies that examined burial equipment from the viewpoint of the offering ritual during this period. This paper shows the actual conditions of the offering ritual during this formative period, through comparing the assemblage of the stone vessels with funerary relief slabs, which may have been a norm in practices related to funerary goods and offerings at that time.<p>

The results clarify that the contents of the cylindrical jars were more highly valued than those in the non-handled jars listed on the funerary relief slabs. Such hierarchical values among oils were also regulated in accordance with the social hierarchy of tomb owners.<p>

Furthermore, certain sets of stone and copper vessels were placed in high-status tombs at provincial sites during the late-Second and early-Third Dynasties. The formal sets found here mainly consist of cylindrical jars, bowls, plates, and offering tables, in addition to the occasional handled jars. These sets were often accompanied by a copper ewer. These sets are similar to the vessel assemblages of the ‘ritual lists’ inscribed on funerary relief slabs. It is possible that the offering sets were distributed to the provincial society’s regional elites by the royal government to promote the offering ritual that originated in the Memphite region.<p>

In this sense, the stone vessels functioned as political media for vertical and horizontal integration in the Early Dynastic society. The underlying specialization and increased stone vessel production were the tools for expressing inter- and intra-regional power relations.

本稿は、1990年代以降に顕著な現象として見られる

わが国では明治期以降の近代化の過程で，死亡数の増加とともに，火葬率が上昇し，