Kagai is a Japanese term for traditional entertainment districts. Furumachi Kagai is a significant area, because the historic district is remained. To date, no study has clarified the transition of distribution regarding Kagai buildings and Kashizashiki before early Showa period. This study attempts accurately to clarify the unknown history regarding these transition of distribution from medium Meiji period to early Showa period.

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新潟市古町においては、住居間を通り抜けるための多くの路地が全域に亘り分布していることが知られている。本調査の目的は、古町地区にある路地の現状を把握することである。結論としては、第一に、古町地区には221件の路地が広く分布しており、その多くは直線型で通過可能であることが分かった。第二に、古町地区における約半数の路地が両側の建築敷地から路地敷地を半分ずつ出し合い、1件の路地を成立させていると考えられる。

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全国有数の花街である古町花街は、1655年に町立てされた旧新潟町のほぼ中央に位置し、近世から近代にかけて整備された街路や地割がよく残り、戦前の歴史的建造物も数多く残る地区である。古町花街の街区は通り・小路・新道・路地の四段階の街路で構成され、通りと小路の形成史は既に明らかである。一方、背割線上に造られた新道と、建築物の隙間である路地は、新潟市史等の郷土史で扱われず、地図への記載が省略される場合も多く、その情報の少なさから形成の歴史は明らかでなかった。本稿では、江戸前期から昭和中期を対象とし、古町花街の主要な街路である新道並びに路地の形成を明らかにする。本稿の主な結論は以下の通りである。(1)新道の形成時期に関して分かったことは、八番町側東新道は江戸末期、九番町側東西新道は明治中期に全通したこと、八番町側西新道は明治中期に一部を除き開通し、明治後期に全通したことである。(2)路地の形成に関して分かったことは、六軒小路の東側は江戸前期、西側は江戸後期の形成と推察されること、勝念寺小路は明治中期までに形成され、一部現存の可能性が高いことである。また、江戸後期から明治中期の史料より5本の路地を確認した。

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 1. Background and Purpose

 Kagai collectively inherit many aspect of traditional Japanese culture, from architecture to music and cuisine both tangible and intangible. In the past, Kagai were ubiquitous throughout Japan. Today, the number of active Kagai is about 50. Furumachi Kagai is a significant area, because the historic district, which is different from those in Kyoto or Kanazawa, is remained. Most traditional Kagai in comparatively large cities were lost by air raids in the Second World War. First, this study aims to clarify distribution of historic buildings, Kagai buildings, former Kagai buildings, and multi-tenant buildings in Furumachi Kagai. Second, this study aims to clarify design character and detailing regarding historic buildings in terms of difference between Kagai building and non Kagai building. This is to prepare a basic date for expected district designation and establishment of a design guideline.

 

 2. Overview of Furumachi Kagai and research methods

 Niigata was originally established as a port-town and rebuilt on the present site in 1655. Furumachi is located in the center of Niigata. Furumachi Kagai was formed on Furumachi-dori, 8 bancho and 9 bancho in Middle Meiji period. Furumachi Kagai contains 13 ryoriya and 27 geisha in 2018. The study conducts fieldwork, documentary records research, and interviews with various personnel including the landlady of ryoriya and geisha in Furumachi Kagai.

 

 3. Conclusions

 1) 84 / 244 (34%) buildings are estimated to be historic buildings in the central part of Furumachi Kagai. Mostly remaining area is the area along 9 bancho side of Higashi-shinmichi (Eastern new street). On the other hand, this area is fewer than any other area in problem on streetscape. In addition, it is relatively easy to build consensus among residents on streetscape improvement in the area. From the above, the area along 9 bancho side of Higashi-shinmichi is considered to preferentially introduce zoning of the streetscape.

 2) Regarding the design character of historic buildings, all non Kagai buildings are Machiya location and no front garden. On the other hand, some Kagai buildings and former Kagai buildings are quasi Machiya Type and Yashiki location with a front garden. In addition, almost half of ryoriya buildings have a front garden as entrance approach, there are different from machiya in old Niigata town in the light of appearance. On the other hand, most of okiya buildings are similar to machiya, and a few okiya buildings have a front garden on the entrance side.

 3) Regarding the detailing of historic buildings, building with a detailing often used to sukiya style account for about 40 %. Most of these buildings are Kagai building or former Kagai building. Moreover, detailing often used to sukiya style is assumed to be characteristic design in all businesses related to Kagai.

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 1. Background and Purpose
 Kagai collectively inherit many aspect of traditional Japanese culture, from architecture to music and cuisine both tangible and intangible. In the past, Kagai were ubiquitous throughout Japan. Today, the number of active Kagai is about 40. Furu-machi Kagai is a significant area, because the historic townscape, which is different from those in Kyoto or Kanazawa, is remained. Most traditional Kagai in comparatively large cities were lost by air raids in the Second World War. This study aims to clarify transition of distribution on buildings in Kagai at the period of 1930, 1958, 1972 and 2013.

 2. Overview and Methodology
 The gross area of Niigata is approximately 726 km2 and its population in 2015 is approximately 800,000. Niigata was originally established as a port-town and rebuilt on the present site in 1655. Furu-machi is located in the center of Niigata. In this study, field works, searching for old maps, interviews with experienced Geisha etc. were conducted.

 3. Transition of distribution on buildings in Furu-machi Kagai
 In 1930, Furu-machi was comprised of 17 Ryoriya, 27 Machiai, 98 Okiya.
 In 1958, there were 27 Ryoriya, 21 Machiai, 52 Okiya.
 In 1972, there were 27 Ryoriya, 18 Machiai, 48 Okiya.
 In 2013, there were 12 Ryoriya, 2 Machiai, 2 Okiya.
 Kagai buildings concentrate along the East and West Shin-michi street during the whole period.

 4. Conclusions
 1) Kagai buildings concentrate along the East and West Shin-michi street during the whole period.
 2) The number of Ryoriya is larger than Machiai from 1958 to 2013. But there are more Machiai than Ryoriya in 1930.
 3) The dense area of Okiya moved from the West Shin-michi to the East Shin-michi at the period between 1930 and 1958. Ryoriya was distributed on the entire area at the period between 1930 and 1958.
 4) A large number of Machiai and Okiya were changed into to modern eating and drinking businesses.
 5) East Shin-michi is regarded to be the most important area for townscape conservation and improvement.

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