神奈川県横浜市中区山下町の一街区に, 周辺街区の街路とは異なる1区画の街路だけが斜方向に区画整備された特徴をもつ. この街区は文化9年 (1812年) に入江を埋め立て新田として開発された区画であり, 治水の問題上から埋立ての際に, 隣接する新田との境界線が斜方向に傾いた. その後, 横浜港開港時に居留地として整備され都市が形成されたが, 街区は当初 (慶応2年 (1866年)) の都市計画で現在までほぼ変化していない. 山下町の街区が現在でも開港当初の面影を残しているのは, その都市計画がR. H. ブラントンによって行われたもので, 将来を見据えた優れた立案であったと考えられる.

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PREVENTION OF DISASTERS IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT PROBLEMS IRE CITY PLANNIG. SINCE THE GREAT FIRE IN CHICAGO (1871), THE METHOD OF PARKS, PARKWAYS AND BOULEVARD SYSTEM (PARK SYSTEM) WAS ESTABLISHED. THE CONCEPT OF PARK SYSTEM IS TO COMBINE PARKS AND OPEN SPACES WITH BOULEVARD SYSTEM, AND CREATE SAFE CITY WHICH IS IMMUNE FROM FIRE DISASTERS. THIS METHOD WAS SPREAD OUT NOT ONLY OTHER CITIES IN UNITED STATES, BUT EUROPE AND JAPAN. IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTICE THAT RECONSTRUC-TION PLANS IN JAPAN WERE IMPLEMENTED BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF PARK SYSTEM.

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Dr. J. C. Hepburn of the American Presbyterian Mission landed at Kanagawa on October 18, 1859, and stayed in Jobutsuji, a Buddhist temple. As a medical missionary, he treated native patients in the neighborhood. S. R. Brown of the Reformed Church Mission arrived at Kanagawa fourteen days after, and stayed in the same temple. J. Goble of the Free Baptist Mission, who came to Kanagawa on April 1st, 1860, and G. H. Ballagh of the Reformed Church Mission, who came to Kanagawa on November 11, 1861, stayed in Jobutsuji also. Those four missionaries began to translate the New Testament into Japanese while studying the language.
On December 29, 1862, Dr. Hepburn moved to No. 39, Yokohama and opened his own dispensary. He was very busy treating patients, teaching medical students, and making a dictionary, but continued to translate the New Testament. In 1866, he published Waei-gorin-shusei, the first Japanese-English dictionary. Goble published his Japanese edition of Matthew in 1871. Ballagh gave up his intention of translating the Bible, as the Great Fire of Yokohama in 1866 burnt his manuscripts.
Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission came to Yokohama on February 7, 1873, just before the removal of the edict against Christianity. Immediately he started the translation of hymns and some parts of the Bible in his house, 67, Bluff, Yokohama.
The first New Testament Translation Committee was organized in 1872, in which S. R. Brown, Dr. Hepburn, and D. C. Greene of the American Board became the members. But the committee could not act, because Dr. Hepburn was abroad and Greene was in Kobe. The second New Testament Translation Committee started in 1874. The members were S. R. Brown, Dr. Hepburn, Greene, and Nathan Brown. They translated the New Testament in S. R. Brown's house, 211, Bluff, Yokohama.
Nathan Brown left the committee in 1876, because of his different view from the other members' about the translation of the word 'Baptisma'. In 1879, he published the first Japanese edition of the entire New Testament by himself.
The Standard Japanese New Testament was completed by the committee in 1880. S. R. Brown returned to America the year before, as he was seriously ill. About three-fourths of the work was translated by Dr. Hepburn.
The Standard Japanese Old Testament was completed in 1888 by the second Old Testament Translation Committee which was organized in 1882. Dr. Hepburn, G. H. F. Vrebeck of the Reformed Church Mission, and P. K. Fyson of the C. M. S. were the members. Dr. Hepburn, who was the leading member in charge, translated most of the Old Testament in his house, 245, Bluff, Yokohama.

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札幌、仙台、名古屋、広島の都心部に存在する幅員50m以上の大通は、広い植樹帯やオープンスペースを有し、都市のシンボルとして祭典やバレードの会場となるなど多目的に使用されている。本稿は広幅員道路が近代日本都市計画においてどのような目的と思想によって計画され、実施されたのか、その系譜を明らかにすることを目的としている。
幕末から明治にかけて居留地、開拓地では防火帯として広幅員道路が設けられている。しかし、既存の大都市の市区改正道路は最大36mであり、大正末期から昭和初期にかけての都市計面事業によって東京、大阪でそれぞれ幅員44mの道路が出現した。当時は、都市計画事業は災害復興の機会しか実施できず、函館、静岡では大火後、防火区画を形成するよう植樹帯を広く採つた道路がつくられている。欧米の地方計画論、緑地思潮の影響を受けて、公園道路の考え方が日本に導入され、湘南海岸では遊歩道、乗馬道を合わせもった公園道路が整備され、東京では保健道路という名称の河川沿い緑道が都市計画決定されている。
公園系統、公園道路を本格的に取り入れた都市計画は1930年代になり満州、台湾、中国本土の植民地・占領地で大々的に試みられ、実現したものも少なくない。一方、日本国内では戦争末期、防空のため建物疎開を実施するにあたり、各地で50～100mの空地帯がつくられた。戦後、京都、名古屋、広島では疎開跡地を広幅員道路として整備したのに対して、東京ではほとんど有効活用されなかった。

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