(1) Seasonal distribution of production was examined in three grasses and three legumes for two years. Total yield for two years decreased in the following order, alfalfa and Ladino clover>Italian ryegrass, red clover, orchard grass and mountain bromegrass. Orchard grass and Ladino clover indicated less variation in yearly and seasonal production than the others. (2) Yield and some soil properties of grass plot (G), legume plot (L) and grass-legume mixture (M) were investigated. Plot M produced the highest among them. Orchard grass in M plot contained higher protein content than that in G. Pasture soil can be put in the following order, L>M>G in NO₃-N content, G>M>L in soil hardness and L>M>G in velocity of water infiltration into the soil.

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Authors compared the growth of Ladino clover and orchard grass grown separately and alone. The experiment was laid out in split plot with four replication. All plots were fertilized equally with 90 kg superphosphate and 24 kg potassium sulphate per 10a a year, except nitrogen which was given as the following design. [table] Following results were obtained. 1. The green yield of both (L) and (M) were higher than that of (G). 2. Application of ammonium sulphate increased the yield of (G) but decreased that of (L). 3. At (L) the contents of total-N and NO₃-N of the soil increased and pH of the soil decreased. 4. (L) was invaded gradually by weeds year by year and was overwhelmed completely in late summer in the third growing season. It was assumed that the circumstances turned unfavorable to legume rather than grass owing to some factors such as N accumulation in the soil, the decrease of pH, high temperature with severe drought in summer season. 5. Sod-bound was formed substancially in the soil of the not-nofertilized lot of (G) but not in that of (M). Sod-bound formation in the sward was considered one factor for the decrease of herbage productivity. Authors assumed that mixed seeding of grasses and legumes was effective in order to maintain the sward in good condition from the view point of preventing sod-bound formation.

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Effects of two different soils, Mineoka (m) and chiba (c), on the growth of ladino clover (L), red clover (R) and orchard grass (O) were investigated. It became clear that three species were more productive on m-soil which contained larger amount of available P₂O₅ and earthworms than volcanic c-soil. Legumes on c-soil severely suffered from summer depression, which caused the decrease of yield in the subsequent growing season. Legumes on m-soil produced greater weight of root than that on c-soil. Roots of legumes on m-soil showed higher respiration and decayed slowly than those on c-soil. Sod-bound of orchard grass was formed on c-soil but not formed on m-soil.

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The influence of three cutting treatments (one, four and six times a year) on the sod-binding of the orchard grass sward was studied. The sward was established in 1957 and the total green yields of 1C, 4C, and 6C in 1959 were 130.1, 207.3, and 192.1 kg. per are respectively. (Table 1) By the autumn in 1959 the frequently cut sward had considerably more plants and tillers per unit area. (Table 2). As a result of these changes in plant density, the root weight of the sward especially in the surface soil was increased (Table 3) and there was observed the sod-dinding in the surface soil by increasing the cutting frequency. (Fig. 2) But respiration and NO₃-N absorption of roots in the surface soil decreased by increasing the cutting frequency. (Table 4) The physical condition of the soil was changed by the sod-binding. Air per cent in the surface soil decreased and water per cent increased, so soil pore-space in the surface soil had a tendency to decrease as the sod-bound formed. (Table 5) These changes in physical conditions of the surface soil caused the retard of the water infiltration into the soil (Table 6) and of the root penetration of some reseeded legumes. (Table 7) These unfavorable soil conditions such as the increase of soil compactness and the decrease of soil aeration were assumed main causes of decrease of the sward productivity. In August, the soil temperature of the sward was measured. Soil temperature of 6C was higher than 4C at 2 cm in depth but at 5 and 10 cm in depth, 4C was higher than 6C conversely. It was assumed that the sod-binding had a mulching effect. (Fig. 1) It was assumed that two following factors concenrned with the sod-binding. The one was the increase of plant density accompanied with the increase of the root mass in the surface soil and the other was the delay of the decomposition of dead root materials owing to the unfavorable circumstances of the soil physical conditions.

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Effects of temperature upon the photosynthesis and the respiration of five grasses and three legumes were studied. 1) Amounts of net photosynthesis of orchard grass and ladino clover were kept constant in the range from 20°C to 40°C, while respiratory consumption of their tops increased as temperature rose. 2) Even under high temperature condition root respiration of alfalfa and ladino clover was not so severely depressed as that of timothy and Kentucky blue grass.

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The authors have been studying since 1955 the effects of environmental factors upon seed germination and seedling growth of grasses and Iegumes to furnish some basic data in the hope of contributing to the establishment and management of grassland. In this report the results dealing with light intensity on the growth of seedlings are presented. 1) The light intensity in a vegetation is roughly proportional to the height from the ground, and that near the surface is markedly reduced, showing the importance of light for the growth of seedling. 2) In shading experiments, it was found that the morphological characters of the seedlings could be classified into two types : (1) Characters diminishing with the diminuation of light intensity (A Group), and (2) Characters increasing with the decrease of light intensity while shading was slight and decreasing responding reversely to the advanced degree of shading (B Group). Majority of the characters belonged to B Group. In the response to shading, generally speaking, underground organs responded more remarkably than top organs. Among the species, the seedlings of gramineae were affected more strongly than those of legumes. 3) The seed size had large influence on the length of the period of exhaustion of stored nutrients, amount of growth living on stored nutrients, and the growth of seedling under shading.

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In a mixture of some pasture plants, it was observed that the number of established seedlings was less than expected theoretically from numbers of seeds and their germination percentage (Table 2), especially legumes showed much difference (Table 1). The experiments were conducted in order to make clear the causes of this phenomenon and obtained following results. 1. Effect of soil covering treatment upon the seeds of two grasses and three legumes was examined with pots in a green house. The water level was regulated so that the soil moisture content may be kept at about 100% (plot A), 110% (plot B) and 120% (plot C) of maximum soil water capacity (Fig. 1). The effect of soil covering was distinct at plot A, but no effect was found at plot C which contained high soil moisture (Table 3). In the case of alfalfa, however, the effect of soil covering was remarkable even at plot C, and extremely poor establishment was observed at non soil-covering plot. On the contrary, Italian ryegrass was not influenced by soil covering and red clover, ladino clover and orchard grass showed intermediate. It was observed that under non soil-covering condition the seeds could not put their roots into the soil, although they could germinate. When the clear vinyl sheet was covered over the plot, establishment was well even in alfalfa sown under non soil covering condition. From the above test, it was considered that air humidity might be closely related to the establishment. 2. Effects of soil covering and soil packing on an establishment were studied under the fields condition. From the result of this examination (Table 4, 5, 6, 7), it was cleared that grasses (orchard grass, Italian ryegrass) were not influenced by soil covering, while legumes (ladino clover, red clover, alfalfa) were significantly affected. Soil covering did not affect on the establishment of grass on the field in spite of the remarkable influence in green house. It was supposed that above difference was because the field test was conducted under high air humidity (Fig. 2). Effect of soil packing upon each species was not found owing to no difference in soil moisture content between soil packing plot and non soil-packing plot, because of high precipitation during this experiment (6 mm per day). It was supposed, however, that the soil packing may have the effect under the case of low precipitation from the view point of soil moisture trend at Fig. 3. 3. It is necessary to cover the seeds with soil, because soil covering promotes not only their establishments but also their subsequent growth. Especially, legumes (alfalfa, red clover and ladino clover) need soil covering treatment, because of their impossibility to establish under low humidity condition.

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The study was carried out from 1954 to 1956 in order to compare artificially induced 4n with 2n ladino clover from commercial seed in their yields and chemical compositions. The summarized results in 1956 were as follows; 1) Cutting treatments were two (C₂), three (C₃) and four times (C₄) per season. There was remarkable difference in yield of C₄ and C₃ against C₂ treatment. (Table I.) 2) Green yield of 4n plants was about 20% more than the yield of 2n. (Table I.) 3) 4n ladino clover was higher in moisture content about 2-4 % and was lower in protein content about 4-15 % on dry matter base than 2n. (Table 6.) 4) No significant difference was found in protein yield between 4n and 2n ladino clover. (Fig.5)

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ホルスタイン種成雌牛2頭および黒毛和種成雌牛2頭を供試し、給与は、粗として稲わら、青草(オーチャードグラス)、乾草(オーチャードグラス)およびサイレージ(トウモロコシ茎葉)を、濃厚は大麦挽砕を使用した。これらのを加えて給与することにより、反芻胃内繊毛虫類に及ぼす影響を比較検討した。その結果次のことが認められた。1)粗単味の給与では、反芻胃内繊毛虫類の反芻胃内容液1ml中の総数は減少した。2)粗(大麦)を加えて給与したときに繊毛虫数は著しい増加を示した。3)反芻胃内繊毛虫類に対するの影響は貧毛虫類に顕著にあらわれ、特にEntodinium属は組成に敏感に反応して増減した。すなわち、繊毛虫数の大多数を占めるEntodinium属は、大麦給与時に増加し、また、その中では、Entodinium simplexの数が最も顕著に増加した。4)給与に戻すことにより、もとの繊毛中集団構成に近くなったことから、給与するの種類が反芻胃内繊毛虫数の重要な変動要因であると考えられた。

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Fifty soil samples were collected from manured plots and unmanured plots of long term experimental farms at 25 Agricultural Experiment Stations and measured for saccharase activity by the method of Hofmann and Scheffer. When expressed on the basis of unit weight of dry soil, saccharase activity of volcanic ash soils is higher than that of non-volcanic ash soils. There is a significant correlation between saccharase activity and content of organic matter of the soil. However, the volcanic ash soils have lower saccharase activity value, when the value is expressed on the basis of unit weight of soil organic matter, than that of the non-volcanic ash soils. This suggests that quality as well as quantity of soil organic matter influences the saccharase activity level. Δlog k of NaOH-soluble soil organic matter is considered to be an appropriate index of humification-degree of soil organic matter. The soils are classified into two groups according to the value of Δlog k : 0.7 is regarded as a critical value of Δlog k. Correlation between saccharase activity and soil organic matter content - especially content of the easily decomposable organic matter - is evident for the soils with low Δlog k but not evident for the soils with high Δlog k. Increase in saccharase activity by manuring is highly correlated with increase in organic matter content by manuring for the soils with high Δlog k and low saccharase activity. On the contrary, this correlation is not recognized for soils with low Δlog k and high saccharase activity. A general feature of the changes in saccharase activity by manuring can be shown by a saccharase activity - Δlog k diagram. In this figure, a vector from an unmanured plot to manured plot at each Agricultural Experiment Station represents the change in saccharase activity by manuring in the field. Then, every vector points to two common small regions in this figure : the vectors belonging to the soil group with low Δlog k point to one small region and the vectors belonging to the soil group with high Δlog k point to the other small region.

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Three gramineous pasture species-Italian ryegrass, orchard grass, timothy-and three leguminous species-red clover, Ladino clover and alfalfa-were seeded in the soil of varied degrees of soil moisture to get the relevant data of the effect of soil moisture on germination. Sucrose solutions of varied degrees of osmotic pressure were prepared, in which were seeded those six species in order to find out the effect of osmotic pressure on germination. The results of the two series of tests were studied together, which revealed the following facts. 1. In the diluvial volcanic ash soil whose maximum water holding capacity is 112%, good germination was observed in all the six species when its moisture content was 40∼70 % of the maximum capacity. At 30%, some general delay in the date of germination was noticed, although no appreciable difference was seen among those species :in germination. At 20 %, almost no germination took place, while at 80 % few seed germinated. 2. In the case of moisture deficiency, the degree of lowering in germination percentage varied with different species. Among each of the gramineous species and the leguminous species, the. severest damage was seen in orchard grass, and Ladino clover, respectively. 3. With all the species, the higher the osmotic pressure, the lower the germination percentage, until at 20 atmospheric pressure germination was almost impossible. 4. Suppressive effect on germination in sucrose solution with high-osmotic-pressure varied with different species. Severest effect was seen in orchard grass and Ladino clover, which agreed well with the results of the trials on the effect of soil moisture.

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そば粉の栄養生理的効果を明らかにするため, 血漿と肝臓の脂質レベルに及ぼす66%そば粉, 66%そば粉類似アミノ酸混合物の影響を10%カゼインと比較した.
1) 体重増加量は, カゼイン, そば粉類似アミノ酸混合物で大であった.
2) 血漿のコレステロールとHDL-コレステ・ロールは, にコレステロールを添加しない場合, そば粉とで差異がなかった.しかし, コレステロールを添加した場合, そば粉に比べ血漿のコレステロールの上昇が抑制され, HDL-コレステロールの低下が抑制された.また, カゼイン類似アミノ酸混合物に比べ, そば粉類似アミノ酸混合物でも血漿コレステロールの上昇を抑制した.
3) にコレステロール添加の有無に関係なく, カゼインまたはカゼイン類似アミノ酸混合物で肝臓にトリグリセリドの蓄積を生じた.
4) コレステロールを含む場合, そば粉類似アミノ酸混合物中のシスチンを10%カゼイン中シスチンと同量にしたの摂取は, 血漿コレステロールが上昇し, 肝臓トリグリセリドは低下した.
以上の結果, そば粉は外因性高コレステロール血症の抑制作用と肝臓のトリグリセリドの蓄積作用を有し, これらの作用はそば粉のアミノ酸組成の関与を示唆した.

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1 Tree-blades as fodder-resources. There is 2 Millions ha. of the forest atet area in Japan, in which we can the tree-blades as fodder for cattles.
The annual products of these forest are 5 Millions ton in dry measure. If we can annually utilize, 10% of all the products, we cat annually 500 thousand of all tree blades in dry measure.
2 The result of experiments on the appetite for horses.
It is genrally showed, that a small quantity, of some tree-blades, allways rais es higher appetite, while lots of certain blades decreaseit.
It is sometimes possible to feed certain tree-blabes, mixed with another kinds of blades which are not eaten, when those blades are simply giveen.
This fact shows that mixed-feeding is better than pure one.
3 The results of physkilogical experiment,
The blabes of 5 specis: Betula Ermanii, Corylus heterophilla, Quercus mongolica, Acer mono and Lespedeza bicolor were given in each proportion, for 6 experimental horses, 12.7-20.0kg. a day.
The horses were examined 2 times; before feeding and after.
Then they differ in no respects from each other.
4 The inference of suitable tree species.
The 34 species, which are able to be utilized for cattle fodder was found out in the 110 species distributed in Eastern Manchuria.
By the point of classfication; Salicaceae, Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Leguminosae are most usefull families.
5 Conclusion.
Whole Japan forests are able to product the fodder-utilizable tree-blades, annually 5 Millions ton; it one can find out some suitable method, those blades will be usefully practical resources. And then it will be able to make up some part of thick fodder, which is supplied about 3, 500 thousand ton every year.

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東北地域における稲発酵粗

（イネWCS）用水稲品種における収穫期，品種による乾物特性や成分の差異を把握することを目的とした．全乾物重は，生育期間と密接な関係にあり，収穫期が遅いほど多く，早生品種より晩生品種が多かった．水分含量は，早生品種と晩生品種のいずれにおいても，出穂後日数に伴い同程度に減少した．成分に関しては，出穂20～40日後の間に非繊維性炭水化物（NFC）が多い穂の重量が増加し，これに伴い近赤外分析で推定した 可消化養分総量（TDN）も増加した．しかし，登熟に伴い，消化しにくい籾の割合も増加するため，家畜に給与した場合の実際のTDNが登熟に伴い増加するとは限らないと推察された．食用品種の収穫前に収穫できる早生品種の中では，「べこげんき」が，黄熟期の全乾物重がやや多く，穂重割合がやや低く，茎葉のNFCがやや高いことから有望であった．食用品種の収穫後に収穫できる晩生品種の中では，「たちあやか」が，全乾物重が多く，穂重割合が極めて低く，茎葉のNFCや糖含量が高いことから有望であった．

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フルバリネートの安全性評価を行なうための各種毒性試験を実施した.
フルバリネートのラットとマウスに対する急性毒性は比較的低かった.
フルバリネート20%水和剤は眼に対して軽度の刺激性を有したが, 皮膚刺激性はなく, また皮膚感作性も認められなかった.
亜急性毒性, 慢性毒性および発癌性試験における高用量群で体重増加抑制が認められ, また高用量群の一部にフルバリネートの皮膚接触が原因と思われる皮膚病変が認められたが, 特定の臓器に病理組織学的変化は認められず, 催腫瘍性も認められなかった.
繁殖性に及ぼす影響, 催奇形性および変異原性は認められなかった.
フルバリネートは昭和62年4月に農薬登録を取得し, 登録保留基準は果実0.5ppm, なつみかん外果皮5ppm, 野菜0.5ppm, 茶10ppmと設定された.
フルバリネートは定められた使用基準を遵守すれば, 安全性が高い薬剤であり, 農業資材の一つとして有用であると考えられる.

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脱脂大豆粉末を主成分としてスギ内樹皮の乾燥粉末または凍結細片を添加した人工でスギカミキリ幼虫を飼育し,羽化率を高めるのに効果的な人工組成について検討した。スギ内樹皮の乾燥粉末を添加したでは,接種幼虫数に対して19.8%の成虫が得られた。低温処理を施して休眠を打破した成虫の産下した卵の平均孵化率は23.7%であった。スギ内樹皮の凍結細片を添加したでは,中の組成を変化させ,幼虫の生存率,蛹化率および羽化率を比較した。その結果,最も良好なでは,接種幼虫数に対し35.0%の成虫が得られた。また,スギ内樹皮を全く含まないでも成虫が得られた。

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