It is a well-known fact that the various muscular movement as one of the human body functions is essential for physical fitness and these movements have been observed in various experimental studies. The muscular movement research as a basic academic area for physical education through the fundamental kinetic method on human movements should play increasingly more important part. The purposes of the study were (1) to establish the method for measuring the control-ability which has never been designated clearly before, (2) to find out the suitable method for calculating the muscular components quantitatively, and (3) to prepare the apparatus of the motor control amplifier by which three mechanical loads will be manufactured continuously. The "control-ability" in the limb muscular movement has been thought to be the main part for regulation of physical activities, but its evaluative method to calculate the quantity of regulative elements, which constitute of three components; elasticity, viscosity and mass inertia, have not been developed yet. The dynamic properties of muscle contraction and its neural control were successfully carried on by numerous physiologists^<8)>, who mostly performed on animals applying the isometric contraction. In our method, the living upper-extremity was used in the examination, to which a special control device was attached with the greater power relative to that of the muscle. The neuromuscular control response was recorded as a variance of the directed control values which are also called "error variables". This type of stimulus has been found to be convenient in order to evaluate the characteristics; (a) of muscle properties, (b) of muscle control-ability, and (c) of the myotatic reflex. This sort of study on the limb control movement should be carefully followed up further in future. The device also was utilized in man to calculate his pursuit or tracking capability as the human operator, and to compare the normal human power with the given power on the apparatus. An essential part of this device was that the lengthening of the muscular group could be recorded when the amplitude in voltage between the external force applied and the force in kilogram exerted by the muscle differed. In this paper the limb muscle contractions are dealt with, for the existing methods and instruments seem to be lacking mechanical accuracy and qualitative measurements. Considering the defects involved in the existing methods for the neuromuscular control capacity of man, a new apparatus to measure more accurately and more quantitively has been developed by the authors, which proved to well-stand to elaborate measurements of muscular control.

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In this paper, we propose a novel type of aerial manipulation. The system proposed utilizes an eye-in-hand type of parallel manipulator with a visual sensor system attached on the end-effector. The aerial parallel manipulator can maximize the advantages of the serial manipulator while minimizing the combined shortcomings. In order to enhance these advantages, we derive the loosely coupled end-effector dynamics and apply them in the host vehicle utilizing a simple control law. Furthermore, we propose a vision-enabled end-effector control architecture based on the inverse kinematics of the parallel robot. The system proposed is verified and validated by performing a flight test.

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In this paper a parallel neural controller for the automatic berthing will be discussed. This controller has separated hidden layer that outputs the engine and rudder respectively. A general neural network that used in berthing just has one set of hidden layer, but authors proposed parallel hidden layer. The effect of this parallel control produced good results in comparison with conventional neural controller. Furthermore many simulations conducted in this paper have different initial situations with the teaching data. In other words, starting parameters such as heading angle, ship's positions, are not same with the teaching data. But they produced successful results. Finally some simulations are conducted under slight disturbance conditions such as wind conditions and current conditions.

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Event-based control is a new control methodology that aims at reducing the communication flow within a control loop by closing the loop only after events have indicated a substantial control error. This paper gives a tutorial introduction and illustrates the main characteristics of event-based control by an experiment.

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Once a great natural disaster occurred, traffic systems and life-lines in land would be cut everywhere. So it would be difficult to run and reach by land to the place where the disaster had occurred. Our country, Japan, is surrounded by the sea. It seems, therefore, to be reasonable to run and reach by sea for rescue activity. We carried out feasibility planning of the "Disaster Rescue Supporting Fleet". Our fleet is constituted of a ship with reconnaissance boats and helicopters, a car-landing ship and heavy car carriers, a heli-port ship, and so on. Bases of the fleets should be set at the places from where the fleets would be able to reach to any one of the representative cities in Japan, within 6/12 hours by the speed of 20 knots. Our fleet must be operated by the specialists, both in the fields of operations and of rescue activities. To maintain such the specialists in groups for emergency, we propose "registering system for the specialists" both in the public and in the official. We do hope that this concept should be discussed among all of the Japanesea and would be studied further by those who have some interests.

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This paper presents a low-power System on Chip (SOC) architecture for the v2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) Bluetooth and its applications. Our design includes a link controller, modem, RF transceiver, Sub-Band Codec (SBC), Expanded Instruction Set Computer (ESIC) processor, and peripherals. To decrease power consumption of the proposed SOC, we reduce data transfer using a dual-port memory, including a power management unit, and a clock gated approach. We also address some of issues and benefits of reusable and unified environment on a centralized data structure and SOC verification platform. This includes flexibility in meeting the final requirements using technology-independent tools wherever possible in various processes and for projects. The other aims of this work are to minimize design efforts by avoiding the same work done twice by different people and to reuse the similar environment and platform for different projects. This chip occupies a die size of 30mm² in 0.18µm CMOS, and the worst-case current of the total chip is 54mA.

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The absolute intensity of hydrogen Lyman-alpha (1216Å) from the total solar disk is currently monitored by an ion chamber as a part of the satellite mission of TAIYO. The apparatus consists of an ion chamber with a special input control mask and associated electronics. The ion chamber with an MgF₂ window and filled with NO gas is sensitive to a narrow spectral band including the L_α. The special mask serves to keep the angular response of the detector constant at the elevation angle of the sun relative to the plane perpendicular to the spinning axis of the satellite within an error of the order of one percent, when the angle is within ±30°. A flux reducer attenuates the incident radiation upon the detector by a factor of 20 to lengthen the life of detector. The associated electronics measures the output current of the ion chamber, holds the maximum value of the output every four-second period and sends it to the telemeter. From the currently observed data, the absolute intensity of the solar L_α is 3.2×10¹¹photons/cm²sec and constant within ±4.2% during the period from 24 February to 31 May, 1975.

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[Purpose] The sagittal shape of the spine is associated with back-pain, balance and quality of life. We developed, evaluated and report the responses of a graphical tool to assess sagittal spine shape knowledge (literacy). [Participants and Methods] Two hundred and fifty adults were randomly assigned, in a cross-sectional crossover study, to free-hand draw and select the “ideal” sagittal spine shape. We evaluated the inter and intra-rater reliability and agreement between tests and the sagittal and lordotic spine literacy between the drawing and selection test versions. [Results] Drawing test inter- and intra-rater agreement was 79% and 80% respectively. Drawing vs. selection agreement was 43%. More participants drew than selected the correct spine (30% vs. 21%) (p<0.001) and lumbar lordosis shape (56% vs. 42%) (p<0.001). Test order did not affect spine shape literacy scores. A significantly poorer literacy trend was observed with spine pain presence (p=0.02). [Conclusion] We developed a reliable method to evaluate spine shape literacy and established that only 21% and 42% of our sample demonstrated correct sagittal spine and lordotic spine shape literacy, respectively. The low literacy scores suggests that consideration of including spine shape literacy in health literacy and self-management programs may be warranted, especially in ageing populations.

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Illegal substance use is a serious problem all over the world. In order to effectively combat substance abuse it is important that both the particular features of drug users and the culture-specific risk factors that go along with drug abuse be identified. The present study was carried out in Bursa, Turkey, in order to document annual changes in the frequency of felons arrested of narcotics offenses and to establish the socio-demographics of these narcotics felons. Among the 2,230 narcotics felons reviewed, 24.3% had been charged with drug dealing but not consumption (profit-driven felons [PDFs]), 19.0% were narcotics felons charged with both dealing and consumption ([hard core drug users HCDUs]), and 56.7% were narcotics felons charged only with consumption and possession (not so hard core drug users [NHCDUs]). The NHCDUs were younger (< 30 years) than both the HCDUs and PDFs, while most of the PDFs and HCDUs were married. Despite the fact that the male/female ratio of the Bursa population was nearly 1:1 for the past 30 years, 93.0%, 95.0% and 96.0% of the PDFs, HCDUs, and NHCDUs, respectively, were male. It was also found that the most commonly used illicit substance in Bursa over this period of time was cannabis. Over the course of the 30-year period examined, the annual incidence rate of narcotics felons arrested increased from 0.4257 per 10,000 to 1.2389 per 10,000. Determining the socio-demographic characteristics of HCDUs and NHCDUs would be useful in preventing substance use before substance users become addicted.

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In cloud computing, a cloud user pays proportionally to the amount of the consumed resources (bandwidth, memory, and CPU cycles etc.). We posit that such a cloud computing system is vulnerable to DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service) attacks against quota. Attackers can force a cloud user to pay more and more money by exhausting its quota without crippling its execution system or congesting links. In this paper, we address this issue and claim that cloud should enable users to pay only for their admitted traffic. We design and prototype such a charging model in a CoreLab testbed infrastructure and show an example application.

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This article is a summary of basic system administration for configuring client-server computers connected to the Internet. Thisarticle assumes that the reader has some basic knowledge of the UNIX operating system. The goal of this summary is to provideresearchers in the academic and corporate research environments a short handbook, which will allow them to maintain a basic network ofworkstations, minimize disk utilization, optimize network cpu performance, and to better disseminate information to other researchers.This also describes the procedures to install most free software, including X-windows, FTP and HTTP information servers and Mosaicclients. The document focuses specifically on the Sparc/SunOS based platforms, but should be useful in administering other types ofworkstations. This handbook is not designed to replace the many volume sets of documentation provided by vendors, but rather, it listshelpful tips that may be scattered throughout the documentation. The main goal of providing these system administration procedures isto encourage better networking in the research environment. By following the steps in this handbook, a research group should be able toinstall many of the network servers to provide freer access to information at their site. This information can be beneficial to the otherresearchers at the local site or to the rest of the computing public. This handbook describes how to install and use the Mosaic Internetbrowser. As a tutorial, users will be shown how to read this document on-line with Mosaic. Lastly, this article announces thebeginning of on-line articles for Thermal Science and Engineering which is a Journal of the Heat Transfer Society of Japan.

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Biological rhythms can be entrained by internal oscillatory processes and often become synchronized with each other. For integrated physiological systems, there is evidence to show that coupling can exist between cardiorespiratory and locomotor systems. Phase synchronization, which has been well documented in articles describing cardiac and locomotor rhythms for individuals engaged in rhythmic activity such as walking, running, or cycling, is called “cardiolocomotor synchronization” or “cardiolocomotor coupling”. Although this coupling has been hypothesized to play a functional role during exercise, the nature of this interaction, its physiological relevance, and the underlying mechanism behind this phenomenon are not fully understood. This review summarizes research findings to date on cardiolocomotor synchronization, and aims to provide the method for identification of phase synchronization between cardiac and locomotor rhythms. In addition, the mechanisms responsible for the synchronization and possible physiological function of this interaction are discussed.

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The number of biological databases has been increasing rapidly as a result of progress in biotechnology. As the amount and heterogeneity of biological data increase, it becomes more difficult to manage the data in a few centralized databases. Moreover, the number of sites storing these databases is getting larger, and the geographic distribution of these databases has become wider. In addition, biological research tends to require a large amount of computational resources, i.e., a large number of computing nodes. As such, the computational demand has been increasing with the rapid progress of biological research. Thus, the development of methods that enable computing nodes to use such widely-distributed database sites effectively is desired. In this paper, we propose a method for providing data from the database sites to computing nodes. Since it is difficult to decide which program runs on a node and which data are requested as their inputs in advance, we have introduced the notion of “data-staging” in the proposed method. Data-staging dynamically searches for the input data from the database sites and transfers the input data to the node where the program runs. We have developed a prototype system with data-staging using grid middleware. The effectiveness of the prototype system is demonstrated by measurement of the execution time of similarity search of several-hundred gene sequences against 527 prokaryotic genome data.

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This paper presents a novel Genetic Algorithm (GA) based autonomous feedforward compensator design for the fast-response and high-precision positioning of mechatronic systems. The positioning system is mainly composed of a robust 2-degrees-of-freedom controller with feedback and feedforward compensators. The feedback compensator ensures the robust nature against variations of load mechanical parameters and the feedforward compensator allows the positioning to be fast and precise. The feedback compensator can be theoretically synthesized by μ-Synthesis, considering the robust stability and/or performance. The feedforward compensator, on the other hand, can be autonomously designed by GA, where both structure and its parameters of the compensator are optimized to realize the desired robust positioning performance against the load inertia variation. The effectiveness of the proposed optimal design has been verified by experiments using a prototype of 2-mass resonant system.

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More than a hundred years ago, it was first reported that increases in body temperature stimulate minute ventilation. Since then, the characteristics, mechanisms and physiological meaning of this ventilatory response to increasing body temperature, so-called hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation, have gradually been uncovered. For example, it is now known that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation has a core temperature threshold, like heat-dissipating responses (sweating and cutaneous vasodilation); but several factors affecting heat-dissipating responses do not influence the ventilatory response to increasing body temperature. On the other hand, evidence from several studies suggests there may be some relation between hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation and heat-dissipating responses. In addition, more recent evidence indicates that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation may be related to central fatigue, which is considered to be one of the reasons exercise performance is diminished in heat. In fact, it has been suggested that hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation causes cerebral blood perfusion to be reduced, which decreases cerebral oxygenation and heat removal. This review presents an overview of the characteristics of the ventilatory response to increasing body temperature and its effect on central fatigue.

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This paper proposes a control and modulation method for a Current-Fed Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter to improve the conversion efficiency for wide voltage range applications. The current-fed DAB converter is preferred in battery applications owing to its high-power density and low current ripple. On the other hand, the high-conversion efficiency range is limited to close to the nominal DC voltage condition as the DAB converter. The proposed method provides Zero-Voltage-Switching (ZVS) in a wide DC voltage range by Triangular Current Mode (TCM). Furthermore, the proposed control reduces the inductor RMS current compared with the DAB converter to minimize the conduction loss. The validity of the proposed method is established by experimental results. According to the experiment using a 2-kW prototype, the conversion efficiency reached 97.2% when the input voltage was varied by 50% from the nominal DC voltage, then the conversion loss was reduced by 52.5% owing to the proposed control. Finally, the maximum power density of the current-fed DAB converter was improved by 38.1% compared to that of the DAB converter.

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Multiport converters with a large number of ports have been explored for integrated generation units or batteries. An attractive candidate multiport converter has been developed based on the modular multilevel converter (MMC) with cell loading. Accordingly, this study proposes a control strategy for a multiport converter based on the MMC operated under high power imbalances among cells. Owing to this power imbalance, the multiport converter requires an additional circulating current (intra-arm balancing current) to provide balanced three-phase grid currents and balanced capacitor voltages in all cells. In a previous study, the minimum required intra-arm balancing current was calculated offline and applied according to the loading condition. This method may require a high-capacity memory for the controller. In contract, this study proposes an active control method for minimizing the intra-arm balancing current online. Experimental results reveal that the multiport converter achieves balanced three-phase currents with a total harmonic distortion of 3.13% and balanced capacitor voltages with an error of 0.1% under maximum power imbalance among cells.

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