With the huge number of mouths to feed, problems and challenges on food safety and sufficiency in terms of the decreasing number of new farmers and increasing number of aging farmers arises in Japan and the Philippines. Young generations do not see farming as a lucrative career. In order to attract the youth to engage into farming, one of the potential solutions is the farmer-trainer, which is a generic term used to address farmers that provides and conducts training to farmers, and other actors in a community. As a farmer-trainer, farmer also serves as an innovator and educator and promoter of indigenous knowledge that are environmentally-friendly and safe. Prior to conducting research on farmer-trainer, this paper initially aims to identify the stakeholders and their respective roles, and to review the development and contribution of farmer first movement that significantly affect the farmers to invent, try, and share the new knowledge and innovations to other farmers and actors in their respective communities since 1987. Upon reviewing related literatures on farmer first and examining farmer-conducted trainings in the Philippines and Japan using case study approach, it became clearer that farmer first movement still plays a very important role in extending agricultural knowledge and technologies that are environmentally-friendly and contributes to rural development. This research highlights the importance of farmer first movement in boosting confidence of farmers to conduct their own trainings and to spread safe, environmentally-friendly agricultural systems especially for rural development through the development of “theme-community”.

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The Philippines is susceptible to tropical cyclones which threaten the production of agricultural crops. To help farmers cover their losses, financial protection through crop insurance can be employed. This paper studied the effects of the Philippine multi-peril crop insurance on mean returns per acre. Data on palay (unhusked rice) yields in the province of Laguna were gathered from 1978 to 2015. Using classical decomposition, the time series data was decomposed into trend-cycle, seasonality and irregularity components to compute for the Actual Production History (APH) yield and to forecast the APH yield for 2016. Using the crop insurance incentives model of Just et. al., the data were used to explore the subsidy and asymmetric information incentives for insurance participation for both wet and dry seasons. Three risk classes were considered: low, medium and high, while four insurance guarantee levels were considered: 100%, 90%, 10% and 0%. It was found that as yield guarantee increases, the effect of insurance on mean returns also increases. Additionally, as insurance premium increases, the effect of insurance on mean returns per acre decreases. Results also indicate that effects of crop insurance on mean returns per acre are highest when risk class is low and yield guarantee is high.

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Ewing sarcoma are aggressive undifferentiated tumors. These tumors rarely occur in the mandible, and distant metastasis to the mandible from other places is extremely rare. We will report the case of a metastatic Ewing sarcoma to the mandible from the intracranial primary. The patient was a 5-years-old female complaining of swelling of the left lower gingiva. She had a case history of the surgical resection of an intracranial Ewing sarcoma.
Panoramic radiography showed a radiolucent lesion in left mandible with a floating tooth. Cone beam CT images showed bone destruction with periosteal reaction. CT images showed destructive bone lesion and an extra-osseous soft tissue density mass that displaced adjacent structures. PET/CT scan showed significant accumulation in the mass and cervical lymph nodes.
A biopsy was performed, and histology revealed sheets of small round-oval cells with scant clear cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positive staining for CD99 (MIC2), SNE, PAS, and synaptophysin, so it was diagnosed an Ewing sarcoma metastasized from an intracranial primary tumor.

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The author attempted to elucidate the sensory recognition process in the oral and maxillofacial area through ERP during implementation of a 100% random stimulation, rightleft discriminatory response task and a strength discriminatory response task by using a painful electric stimulus applied on the upper lip. As a result, the following conclusions were obtained:
1. Irrespective of the strength of the stimulus and the nature of the task, five common major components consisting of N 65, p100, N 140, P 300 and N 400 were noted.
2. An ERP in the implementation of a discriminatory response task of painful stimulus revealed the presence of a positive component at 250 msec through 350 msec not only in the target stimulus input but also in the regular stimulus input, thereby showing a characteristic different from that ensuring a non-invasive stimulus. It was suggested that the current P 300 ensuring a painful stimulus reflects not only the renewal of recognition content appearing independent of the mode of stimulus as does conventional P 300 but also the evaluation of the situation including recognition of pain and empirical check of the past events.
3. The reaction time in the implementation of each task was proportional to the degree of difficulty of the task, and tended to be prolonged by a multiple of the radix of 60 msec.
4. p100 and N 140 represented electric potential changes occurring in the disposal process of selective attention, and were components corresponding to stimulus-set attention. Furthermore, they seemed to be components corresponding to response-set attention differentiating the target stimulus between N 2 and P 300, checking and differentiating OR from intrinsic memory, evaluating the task relevance and making a decision of the task to be carried out.
The intrinsic positive component near 700 msec noted in the waveform, obtained by subtracting the reference stimulus input ERP from the target stimulus input ERP during the strength discriminating task seemed to be a component corresponding to perceptomotor sequelae to reconfirm a response after implementation of the task.

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Urbanization and monetization systems have contributed to the reclamation and exploitation of mangroves, which have had some significant effects on the livelihood of those who rely on it. Informal uses of mangroves have received very little attention because they do not contribute to national revenue, and the inextricably linked effects of urbanization and monetary systems on mangrove degradation is lacking. The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic impacts of development on mangrove ecosystems and those who depend on it in four coastal villages of Samoa. Fifty households' questionnaire-assisted interviews were conducted first, to provide the social, cultural and economic value of mangroves to the local inhabitants. Second, to identify activities that have changed mangrove ecosystems, and then, to examine how these activities have changed the local inhabitants' social, cultural, and economic relationships with their environment. Findings suggest that, in two cases, land reclamation has strictly and seriously degraded mangrove resources particularly in terms of marine food supplies. For two other cases, increased accessibility to town and the monetization of the rural economy are also factors involved in the decline in quantity and size of fish catch due to the increasing reliance on sales of mangrove food resource for cash. This study supports the position that modern developmental initiatives must be carefully monitored to ensure that they do not undermine the social and economic well-being of resident communities, particularly in areas such as Samoa where a large proportion of the population relies on land and marine resources for their survival.

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本論文では乗用車のカテゴリー分類と形状認識との関係について考察した。乗用車に関するカテゴリー分類として,被験者のアンケートにより抽出されたサンプルから「一般的カテゴリーによる分類」「典型的車種からの分類」「親近性による分類」「個人的カテゴリーによる分類」の4つのカテゴリー分類を想定した。各々のカテゴリーの「基準像」から「特徴像」を求め,各カテゴリーと全体の「基準像」から作成された「誇張像」の各々について確信度が最大となる誇張率を求めた(調査(1))。さらに,それぞれの確信度最大となった「誇張像」の中から,確信度が最も高いものを選択してもらった(調査(2))。この結果,2BOXと3BOXというボディスタイルによるカテゴリー分類が存在することが,またこのカテゴリーの「基準像」には,その離反量により適応範囲があり,2つのカテゴリーに帰属しない車種は,オリジナルによるあてはめによってなされていることが明らかになった。

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