The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether context affects the learner's on-line sentence processing. Yoshida (in press) found that Japanese advanced learners of English processed a sentence based on lexical forms retrieved from verbs. The results of the experiment showed that transitivity and the type of the complement structures affected the learner's on-line processing. When the sentence structure of the incoming material was not consistent with the lexical form the learner expected to appear, then, they needed to reanalyze the sentence and spent longer time. In the present study context which was relevant to the experimental sentence was presented, and whether contextual information affects learner's on-line sentence processing was investigated. However, the result showed no effect of the context was found. The possible factors which accounted for this result were discussed.

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In this paper I examine three properties of the existential there sentences found in the Authorized Version of the Bible (1611) or the other versions of the Bible which were published in the 1500s. The first property is the there insertion. This operation is usually divided into two components: the postposing of the subject and the insertion of the pleonastic there. But in Biblical English we find that the latter operation does not take place where it is required in Present-Day English: amonge them that are borne of women, arose not a greater then John the Baptist. (Matt.11.11 (Great)) This type of existential sentence is an older form, which was gradually replaced by the 'new' form in which there is manifested, according to Breivik (1983). The second point is the position of the deep structure subject of the existential sentences. In addition to the positions which correspond to those of Present-Day English, in Biblical English the deep structure subject occupies various positions (rather freely)in the verb phrase. We should say that Biblical English is comparable to the English of Sir Thomas Malory rather than to that of Shakespeare in this respect. The third point is the relative order of the 'modal auxiliary verb' and the deep structure subject of the existential sentence. In Biblical English we not only find the pattern which is frequently met with now: there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets. (Matt.24.24 (AV)) but also we find another pattern: there shall no sign be given it. (Luke 11.29(AV)). This shows that at least two positions are available when the modal auxiliary verbs are involved although there are some factors operative here. Furthermore the fact that the former pattern is possible seems to suggest that the 'modal auxiliary verbs' have not been established as such in Biblical English.

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This study examines a classroom-based second-language speaking test that uses picture description tasks and a rating scale of functional adequacy (FA) in terms of measurement quality. We used four tasks and FA scores from 36371 Japanese learners of English at two public senior high schools and 44 undergraduate and graduate students. Each examinee was evaluated by two or three raters. We used many-facet Rasch measurement to stack longitudinal data and analyzed the test scores in detail. We found that examinees, tasks, raters, and the FA rating scale worked well, with some concerns. For example, some examinees showed serious underfit, and large differences in rater severity were apparent. The bias analysis suggested that the percentages of biased patterns were small between examinees and tasks, between examinees and raters, and between tasks and raters. Based on our results, implications for assessment are provided, such as the need to conduct rigorous rater training.

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1. The changes of glycolytic intermediates and adenine nucleotides in blood were followed during storage in acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) medium. Until the end of 48 hr storage, hexose 6-phosphates increased gradually, while fructose 1, 6-diphosphate and triose phosphates decreased very rapidly.
2. For the longer period of storage with ACD, hexose 6-phosphates increased during the first week and then decreased, whereas changes of fructose diphosphate and triose phosphates were slight. Monophosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate decreased in the second week and then increased again after the 6th week. 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate was degradated rapidly whereas ATP decreased more slowly as compared with the rate of degradation of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate.
3. When ACD blood stored for 6 weeks was incubated with inosine, all the glycolytic intermediates increased remarkably. With addition of both inosine and adenine, ATP was regenerated and hexose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate and triose phosphate concentration in the mixture were lower than those in the sample incubated with inosine alone.
4. The glycolytic rate of the stored cells was kept well for 4 weeks and then decreased.
5. The glycolytic activity of the hemolysate from the 16 week-stored red cells was restored to some extent by the addition of both ATP and NAD.

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A fraction of the supernatant of a chicken hemolysate was shown to contain some cofactor which accelerated heme synthesis catalyzed by protoheme ferro-lyase [EC 4. 99. 1. 1]. The supernatant fraction itself had no enzyme activity. The cofactor was heat labile and nondialyzable. Results indicated that the cofactor was not globin as previously supposed and also that it was not acting as a reducing agent. The cofactor was found to precipitate on storage in a refrigerator for more than two weeks.
Protoporphyrin, the substrate of the reaction could not be replaced by the protoporphyrin-globin complex. The mechanism of heme formation is discussed.

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1. Glycolytic intermediates and adenine nucleotides in polymorphonuclear granulocytes from guinea pig peritoneal exudate were analyzed. Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, 2-phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, ATP, ADP and NAD⁺ were measured enzymatically using a fluorometer. Nucleotides were also analyzed by column chromatography on Dowex 1-formate. Peritoneal exudate was deproteinized either immediately after removal from the body to obtain an aerobic steady state pattern or after incubating with cyanide to get an anaerobic steady state pattern.
2. Mass action ratios of glycolytic reactions in leucocytes were calculated from the above data and rate-limiting steps in the cellular glycolysis were discussed. Hexokinase [EC 2. 7. 1. 1], phosphofructokinase [EC 2. 7. 1. 11] and pyruvate kinase [EC 2. 7. 1.40] were found to be major rate-limiting steps in leucocytes as in the case of erythrocytes.
3. Following changes were observed when leucocytes were incubated in presence of cyanide: 1) decrease in hexose monophosphates, 2) increase in fructose diphosphate and triose phosphates, 3) decrease in monophosphoglycerates and phosphoenolpyruvate and 4) slight decrease in ATP and increase of ADP.

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1. Rabbit liver homogenate was frac-tionated into nuclear, mitochondrial, micro-somal and supernatant fractions. A purified nuclear fraction was prepared by an inde-pendent procedure. The fractions were ex-amined for purity by chemical and enzymatic analysis.
2. Hexosamine and sialic acid were de-termined on the subcellular fractions with particular attention paid for sialic acid de-termination. Most of these sugars were found to be localized in mitochondria and micro-some, the contents of hexosamine and sialic acid (μg. per mg. protein) being 7.5 and 3.2 for mitochondria and 8.9 and 8.0 for micro-some respectively.
3. Contamination of the purified nuclear fraction with connective tissue was tried to be assessed by analyzing hydroxyproline and a conclusion was drawn that nuclei contain very small amounts of hexosamine and sialic acid, if any.
4. Biological importance of the intra-cellular distribution of hexosamine and sialic acid was discussed in particular connection with membranous structures of liver cells.
Support was provided by grants from the Ministry of Education, Japan.

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Homogeneous quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 17933 contains one Ca²⁺ ion per subunit of native enzyme. Treatment with trans-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane-N, N, N', N'-tetraacetic acid at 30°C led to an catalytically inactive apo-form. Upon incubation of the apo-form with Ca²⁺ and pyrroloquinoline quinone a fully active holo-enzyme was reconstituted. The absorption spectrum of this reconstituted enzyme is identical to that of the native enzyme. Incubation of apo-enzyme with Sr²⁺ and PQQ led to the formation of an active Sr²⁺-form. The Sr²⁺ and the Ca²⁺-forms of the enzyme differ in their absorption spectra. The Sr²⁺-form was inactivated by trans-1, 2-diaminocyclohexane-N, N, N', N'-traacetic acid twice as fast as the Ca²⁺-form. Ca²⁺ is necessary for pyrroloquinoline quinone to bind to the apo-form of quinoprotein ethanol dehydrogenase.

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On-line machine translations are one of the most powerful tools available at the disposal of non-fluent language users. Machine translations provide good general descriptions, but are not necessarily accurate at detailed translations, especially for languages like English and Japanese, which have different grammatical structures. This pedagogical report introduces a six-step process where users revise their Japanese input, creating more accurate and understandable machine translations to English. Paying attention to the grammar and lexicon can significantly enhance the output, maximizing communication capabilities over a wider range of topics.

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This paper aimes to report the result of investigation into the theory of mastermodels for industrial arts and its practical guidance by Bruno Taut (1880- 1938), a German architect, an adviser for the Industrial Arts Research Institute (IARI, Kogeishidosho in Japanese) attached to the Ministry of Industry and Commerce between November 1933 and March 1934. The paper is composed of ten sections. In the first four sections, in order to better understand the background of the studies, the paper describes how Japanese has understood Bruno Taut and how the studies on Bruno Taut have been developed. It also includes the purposes and activities of the IARl, Bruno Taut's life and how he came to be involved with the institute. Furthermore, in the following sections, the paper focuses on how Taut's proposals on mastermodels in the modern society for industrial production were submitted to the IARI, how the IARI members accepted his proposals and realized his teachings.

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The present study aimed to compare the characteristics of empathy as scaffolding for constructing friendships. Participants were 24 high-functioning children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and, for comparison, 24 typically developing children (TYP). The children were matched on age (7-11 years) and gender (each group included 6 girls). The empathic responses that were analyzed included Parallel Empathy (P-E), which refers to reproduction of another person's feelings, and Reactive Empathy (R-E), which refers to one's emotional reaction to another person's feelings. The children's empathic response to their closest friend was measured with the Affective Situation Test (AST). The children with autism spectrum disorders achieved the same level of Parallel Empathy scores as the typically developing children; however, the Reactive Empathy scores of more than a third of the children with autism spectrum disorders were noticeably lower than those of the typically developing children. This suggests that a weakness in Reactive Empathy in children with autism spectrum disorders may be an important factor in the difficulty that they have in constructing reciprocal relationships with friends.

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The preparation of the deoxy-analogues of two pseudodisaccharide fragments of neomycin, 5-O-β-D-ribofuranosyl-2, 6-dideoxy-streptamine and 6-deoxyneamine is described. When added to the growth medium of a deoxystreptamine-idiotroph of Streptomyces rimosus forma paromomycinus only the latter was incorporated into antibiotic, suggesting in obligatory order for the assembly of sub-units. 4-O-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-2, 6-dideoxystreptamine was also prepared. When added to the growth medium of a deoxystreptamine-idiotroph of Streptomyces fradiae it was converted into the 6-deoxyneomycins, apparently after hydrolysis to 2, 6-dideoxystreptamine. The structure of the protected derivatives of the ribofuranosyl 2, 6-dideoxystreptamines, potentially useful intermediates for the synthesis of novel antibiotics, was shown by using ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.

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