CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a synthetic analog of bacteria DNA, has attracted attention because it activates cells of an adaptive immune system and the innate immune system. In this study, we investigated whether CpG-ODN has radioprotective effects, when administered after total-body irradiation (TBI). Mice were treated with 50 μg CpG-ODN via intraperitoneal injection (i.p) within 30 min, 24 h and 48 h after TBI. Our results showed that the survival rate was enhanced at various levels of TBI. The calculated dose reduction factor (DRF) was 1.2. Bone marrow cell count and bone marrow histological examination indicated that CpG-ODN minimized the bone marrow damage induced by TBI. The data of the white blood cell (WBC) count, exogenous (CFU-S) and endogenous (endoCFU-S) colony forming unit-spleen count demonstrated that CpG-ODN reduced primitive hematopoietic stem cells damage and reconstituted hematopoiesis after TBI. Thus, we suggested that CpG-ODN had the potential to contribute to the improvement of the survival rate and limitation of myelosuppression induced by TBI.

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This article is a summary of the author’s thesis (LIU, 2020) which won the best doctoral thesis award from the Japanese Society for Rock Mechanics (JSRM). A coupled fracturing model including a fluid model and a solid model was developed to simulate supercritical fluids fracturing on a laboratory scale. The flow model and solid model are based on the pore-scale network method and the finite element method, respectively. The mechanisms of different performances between supercritical fluids and water-based fracturing on a laboratory scale are investigated. The simulation results were validated by comparing them with experimental results. Subsequently, an upscaling model based on the coupled fracturing model was developed to learn the supercritical water fracturing performance on the field scale.

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Multi-modal semantic trajectory prediction has become a new challenge due to the rapid growth of multi-modal semantic trajectories with text message. Traditional RNN trajectory prediction methods have the following problems to process multi-modal semantic trajectory. The distribution of multi-modal trajectory samples shifts gradually with training. It leads to difficult convergency and long training time. Moreover, each modal feature shifts in different directions, which produces multiple distributions of dataset. To solve the above problems, MNERM (Mode Normalization Enhanced Recurrent Model) for multi-modal semantic trajectory is proposed. MNERM embeds multiple modal features together and combines the LSTM network to capture long-term dependency of trajectory. In addition, it designs Mode Normalization mechanism to normalize samples with multiple means and variances, and each distribution normalized falls into the action area of the activation function, so as to improve the prediction efficiency while improving greatly the training speed. Experiments on real dataset show that, compared with SERM, MNERM reduces the sensitivity of learning rate, improves the training speed by 9.120 times, increases HR@1 by 0.03, and reduces the ADE by 120 meters.

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China has a large population and a vast territory. She also possesses an abundant variety of natural resources. Recently rapid economic growth requires a faster development of the electric power industry in this country. This paper reviews the current status and long term development strategy of the electric power system in China. The key research topics in the power system field are also presented in the paper.

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中国黄土高原北部の半乾燥地に位置する中国科学院西北水土保持研究所の神木試験地において，退耕還草地の中から25m²の調査区を50ヶ所設置して，植生調査を行い，土壌炭素・窒素及びFDA加水分解活性を測定し,微生物による有機物分解能力の把握を試みた。その結果，土壌炭素量・窒素量は植生量と正の相関関係にあり，FDA加水分解活性は土壌炭素量と高い正の相関関係にあった。したがって，微生物活性は植生の発達にともない高くなると考えた。FDA加水分解活性は土壌pHの上昇，土壌の硬化によって低下していた。

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A giant debris flow occurred in Zhouqu County, Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gunsu Province, in the evening of 7 August 2010, causing 1765 deaths and missing, with enormous property losses. It ruined 4321 houses and caused 22,667 homeless. The stricken area at Sanyanyu debris flow was 50.0 hm2 including 3 hm2 urban area and 47 hm2 farmland. A dammed lake 2 km in length was formed in Bailongjiang River by the debris flow deposit with 8~10 m high, which blocked the river. The main urban area of Zhouqu city was inundated for one month. This tragic catastrophe raises a topic that how a giant debris flow develops from a relatively small original one in source area and what methodology can be used to identify whether a building is in danger or not. In order to understand this issue, a detailed field survey had been carried out in catchments of Sanyanyu and Loujiayu. The field survey revealed that flood in upstream eroded the debris barriers and unconsolidated soil bed in channel and developed into debris flow. The laboratory physical experiments indicated that the major mechanism of giant natural debris flows formation is scale amplification caused by cascading landslide dam failures. Another process of scale amplification is that debris flow schleps sediment from erodible channel bed. At last, a numerical technique will be developed to simulate danger area and momentum of debris flow. Based on the results of dynamic simulation, a method of hazard assessment will be established for identifying dangerous area. Hope this methodology can serve for urban management in mountainous villages and townships.

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Travel survey respondents often over or under-estimate their travel time depending on a number of factors. This research presents two methods of measuring average speed and thus travel time. The traditional method, stated travel times from travel surveys are compared and corroborated against measured implied travel time based on a GPS based floating vehicle study to identify the measurable operating speed. An example of this approach is shown for a survey of two wheelers (bicyclists and electric bike users) in two cities in China. In these cases, survey respondents report up to 32%higher travel times than what is measured on a floating vehicle study, depending on the case. The implication of this is that mode choice models calibrated on respondent stated travel time more than triples the effect of travel time compared with a model calibrated on average GPS speed (and inferred trip travel time).

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The aim is to clarify expression changes of ERK1/2, STAT3 and SHP-2 in bone marrow cells from γ-ray induced leukemia mice. A mouse model of γ-ray induced leukemia was produced, and by means of quantitative real-time PCR, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), the expression of mRNA and protein, phosphorylation level, and protein activity of ERK1/2, STAT3 and SHP-2 in bone marrow cells were investigated in these mice. The results indicated that mRNA and protein expressions of ERK1/2 were upregulated, with significant increase of phosphorylation level and protein activity, but with insignificant differences in mRNA and protein expressions, phosphorylation level and protein activity of STAT3 and SHP-2 in bone marrow cells from γ-ray induced leukemia mice compared to the radiation/tumor-free or control mice. It is concluded that in the pathogenesis of γ-ray induced leukemia in Balb/C mice, activated ERK1/2 pathway may play a role, without involving STAT3 pathway; meanwhile, SHP-2 exerts no regulative effect on pathways of Ras-ERK1/2 and JAK-STAT.

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Cytospora species are the most serious and widespread pathogens associated with canker disease on multiple plants. In this study, three species, i.e., Cytospora sophoricola, C. chrysosperma, and C. sophorae, which were isolated from Sophora in China, are described and illustrated based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. Cytospora sophoricola was distinguished clearly by its larger disc, multiple ostioles, cystic and multiple locules, and specific cultural characteristics, i.e., protruding fruiting bodies. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analysis showed that it did not cluster with any known species of Cytospora, so it is described as a new species. Cytospora sophorae is a previously reported species from Sophora, which is redescribed based on new isolates and additional observations. Another species was identified as C. chrysosperma, which is reported for the first time on Sophora, so Papilionaceae is shown to be a new host family for C. chrysosperma. The morphological affinities of these species with related taxa are discussed, while the phylogenetic relationships of these species with other fungus in the genus Cytospora were elucidated based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA region sequences.

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Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an air pollutant suspected of being carcinogenic and a cause of sick-house syndrome. Microorganisms called methylotrophs, which can utilize reduced C₁ compounds such as methane and methanol, fix and assimilate HCHO, whereas most plants are unable to assimilate HCHO directly. We found that a bacterial formaldehyde-fixing pathway (ribulose monophosphate pathway) can be integrated as a bypass to the Calvin-Benson cycle in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and tobacco by genetic engineering. These plants showed enhanced tolerance to HCHO and enhanced capacity to eliminate gaseous HCHO by fixing it as a sugar phosphate. Our results provide a novel strategy for phytoremediation of HCHO pollution, and also represent the first step toward the production of plants that can assimilate natural gas-derived C₁ compounds.

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During the investigation of rust fungi collected in western China, two morphologically different rusts were found on Cornus plants. From uredinial and telial morphology, they belong to Thekopsora, and they were distinct from previously described Pucciniastrum corni on Cornus and other Thekopsora species. Therefore, they were described as new species, Thekopsora lanpingensis and T. triangula, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses by ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rRNA gene partial sequences also supported the morphological results. The previously described Pucciniastrum corni in China was corrected as T. triangula. The presence of P. corni in China was not confirmed.

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In travel surveys, travel time often measured by asking respondents how long a particular trip took in a trip diary. However, respondents often over or under-estimate the travel time depending on a number of factors. This research presents two methods of measuring average speed and thus travel time for electric bikes and traditional bicycles in China. Measured travel time using a GPS based floating vehicle study is used to validate stated travel times in travel diaries. An example of this approach is shown for a survey of two wheelers in two cities in China. In these cases, survey respondents report up to 32% higher travel times than what is measured on a floating vehicle study, depending on the case. The implication is that mode choice models calibrated on respondent stated travel time more than triples the effect of travel time compared with a model calibrated on average GPS travel time.

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ナルトオウギAstragalus sikokianus は韓国・日本の固有種として知られているが，朝鮮のA. koraiensis とブータン・中国西部の A. bhotanensis に類似しており，分類が混乱している．これら3 種の関係をはっきりさせるため，形態とnrITS とで比較研究を行った．形態的にはナルトオウギとA. koraiensis は区別できなかった．これら2 種と中国南西部のA. bhotanensis は葉，小葉，花序柄，花冠，萼および豆果で異なっていたが，中国北西部のA. bhotanensis にはナルトオウギと一致する特徴もあった．ITS 解析の結果，中国の A. bhotanensis は北西部と南西部のものは系統的に異なり，北西部のものはナルトオウギと単系統群をなすことが認められた．これらの結果から，ナルトオウギ，朝鮮のA. koraiensis，および中国北西部のA. bhotanensis はA. sikokianus となり，A. bhotanensis はブータン・中国南西部に分布することが分かった．また，ナルトオウギは韓国では仁川，江原道，慶尚北道，および全羅南道にあり，さらに隔離分布して，中国では甘粛省，陝西省および四川省にあることが明らかになった．

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A slow-moving landslide is a mass movement that has major societal impact because of its large sediment volume. The principal cause of landslides is increased pore water pressure in deep aquifer close to the slip surface. Elucidation of the behavior of deep groundwater is critical in the stability analysis of the slow-moving landslides. Shallow groundwater, which flows through the landslide regolith, can undergo vertical infiltration and thus make a major contribution to the formation of deep groundwater, but this has not been sufficiently elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of shallow groundwater on the dynamics of deep groundwater in a landslide regolith. At a landslide site, with an area of 4200 m², the shallow and deep groundwater levels were observed. A 1-m-depth temperature survey and groundwater quality analysis were also performed. Water budget analysis using the groundwater level showed that in the former half of a major rainfall event, groundwater that infiltrates vertically in the landslide regolith plays a central role in raising the deep groundwater level. In addition, the preferential flow from shallow to deep aquifers is suggested to be important in that infiltration. The results of this study emphasize the importance of including the preferential flow from the shallow aquifer when modeling dynamics of deep groundwater.

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Korean ethnic dwellings have changed rapidly with the urban development of China. However, approaches to this kind of rural construction included insufficient architectural space in their design to meet the needs of contemporary life. We therefore need to better understand the spatial evolution of Korean ethnic dwellings and how to best capture their current spatial characteristics. Taking an Architectural Planning perspective, we looked at 38 typical Korean ethnic dwellings in the Tumen River Basin, the ways in which their spatial character has changed, and the behavior of their residents, before summarizing their overall spatial characteristics. The research revealed that, through the influence of other cultures, elements of the plan form of Korean ethnic dwellings have been enriched and have grown in complexity. This has been accompanied by changes in residential behavior. We identified four types of changes of spatial characteristics: simplification and opening up; local changes of use; adoption of policy guidelines; the influence of other ethnic groups. Results of this research might serve as a reference for the future construction of Korean ethnic dwellings and inform research on other ethnic residences, thereby enriching the development of ethnic culture in China.

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