Paleointensity following the principle of the Konigsberger Thellier Thellier (KTT) method, but with measurement at high temperatures have been carried out. The high temperature measurements were made with a continuous thermal demagnetization system, which operates as a modification of a 2G horizontal access cryogenic magnetometer. The high temperature measurements permit comparison of the NRM lost and TRM acquired within temperature stages incrementally, rather than in the cumulative manner of the KTT method. When this approach was applied to a Hawaii 1960 lava erupted in a known geomagnetic field intensity, the NRM/TRM ratio for one specific temperature range of 400-450°C gave anomalously high values, while the expected NRM/TRM ratios were obtained from all other temperature ranges. This anomalous behavior is related to the destruction of a phase carrying NRM in this temperature range. The advavantage of making measurements at high temperature is that it permits independent of the incremental ratio of NRM lost/TRM gained. This ability to isolate anomalous temperature ranges may permit reliable intensity in materials, such as lunar rocks and meteorites, whose complicated behaviour on heating has precluded intensity in the past.

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Measurements have been made on a collection of New Zealand lavas, from 18 to 6 Ma in age, to determine the intensity of the ancient geomagnetic field. The predicted geocentric virtual dipole moment (VDM) derived from the New Zealand rocks (2.24×10²²Am²) is much lower than that obtained from Icelandic rocks of similar age (7.11×10²²Am²). The offset dipole model is discussed as a possible explanation for this discrepancy.

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A further 172 of the geomagnetic field strength in western Japan between 5000 B. C. to 1800 A. D., combined with previous results, indicate that the strength of the field was consistently weaker than at present between 5000 and 1000 B. C., it then rose to a peak at about 600 A. D., since which it has been declining, except for a brief rise around 1300 A. D. Chemical demagnetization was efficient at removing secondary chemical remanences, particularly from some of the older pottery.

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A new theory of the solvent effects is presented in this paper, in which the solute molecule is assumed to have a spheroidal form and have an electric dipole moment directed in the axis of rotation at its centre. The cavity field and the reaction field, etc. are calculated as the functions of the shape of the solute molecule and the dielectric constant of the solvent, and the molecular polarization is also calculated. Theoretical curve, expressing the molecular polarization vs. the dielectric constant of the solvent, obtained from this theory shows a fairly good agreement with the experimental results. The curve shows that the molecular polarization has a maximum value for a small dielectric constant of the solvent and its value decreases for larger dielectric constants.

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The Thellier method has been used to determine the total intensity of the geomagnetic field between 500 to 300 B. C. (Spring-Autumn dynasty) and 1763 to 1800 A. D. (Qing dynasty). The intensity of the field increased from -55μT to -82μT during the last 500 years B. C. followed by a decrease to 63μT sometime between 960 and 1279 A. D. It subsequently peaked at -71μT between 1279 and 1368 A. D. and has since been decreasing.

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The purpose of this work is to investigate the consistency of determining N^pp_gasand N^pp_Dby using three independent calibration methods from the AAPM TG 39 and IAEA TRS 381 protocols: 1) calibration with a high-energy electron beam in a phantom; 2)in-phantom calibration in a ⁶⁰Co beam; and 3) in-air calibration in a ⁶⁰Co beam. The plane-parallel chamber considered was the PTW-Markus and the comparisons were made against a calibrated PTW cylindrical Farmer-type chamber 30001. The phantom material used for the electron beam and ⁶⁰Co in-phantom methods was a solid water phantom (RW3). For the electron beam method, the nominal energies were 18 and 21MeV. An acrylic buildup of 0.5 g/cm2 thickness was used for the ⁶⁰Co in-air method. For each method, N^pp_gasand N^pp_D were obtained for the plane-parallel chamber as proposed by the AAPM TG 39 and IAEA TRS 381 protocols. The absorbed doses were measured along the central axis at a distance of 100 cm (SSD =100 cm) with 10×10 cm²field size at the depth of the maximum for each electron beam. The values of N^pp_gasby the three independent calibration methods agreed to within±0.6%. This meant that any of the methods would give a fairly good value. Similar results were obtained forN^pp_D In. comparing the results for the electron beam method at energies of 18 and 21 MeV, the latter gave better agreement. The ratios of N^pp_gasand N^pp_Dfor the 159three methods were in agreement within 0.7%. The results for the absorbed dose intercomparison in the AAPM TG 39 and IAEA TRS 381 protocols showed that they agreed to within±0.7% which meant that any of the calibration methods and two different protocols would give an accurate result.

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切羽観察結果から標準支保を客観的に選定するための新しい切羽評価の考え方を提示した. (1) 切羽に現れる地山状況は, 総合的な岩盤強度とその岩盤が置かれている場の状態で評価する. (2) 総合的岩盤強度を評価する項目は「岩石強度」「風化変質」「割れ目頻度」「割れ目状態」の4項目であり, 場の状態を評価する項目は「湧水」「水による劣化」と「地山強度比」の3項目である. (3) 総合的岩盤強度の評価点は岩種と項目にそれぞれ応じた加重平均より算出し, 場の状態の評価点は湧水と劣化の組み合わせ, あるいは地山強度比のランクによって総合的岩盤強度の点数から値を減じる調整点とする. この考え方が有効であるかを確認するため, 旧切羽観察結果から5つ岩種グループを抽出し評価点を計算したところ, 支保パターンの判別にある程度の有効性が推察された.

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Complex magnetic interactions in specimens containing single-domain and/or multidomain grains of one or more ferromagnetic components will not cause non-ideal behavior in the Thelliers' method if the TRM and the induced magnetization are statistically stable, isotropic and linear with field, and if a single TRM distribution function which depends only on temperature applies to both the acquisition and the thermal demagnetization of TRM. These are physically reasonable, sufficient conditions which are fulfilled closely enough for paleointensity purposes by many, and perhaps most, volcanic rocks in fields of 0 to 1 oe.

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To determine benzodiazepines in the serum of patients with acute benzodiazepine (BZD) poisoning, a Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) on Abbott's TDx analyzer system was performed. The serum BZD (Flunitrazepam, Etizolam, Clotiazepam) concentrations were measured using benzodiazepine serum reagents. The precision of these assays was determined using three control serums containing 75, 300 and 700 ng/ml of Nordiazepam, respectively. The serums containing 100-2000 ng/ml of BZD were measured by means of FPIA. The relationship between the BZD concentration added and the concentration detected by TDx led us to make two different nomograms depending on the detected range. The FPIA results were compared with the high-performance liquid chromatographic results. There was a close correlation between both findings. The FPIA results and the nomograms were thus considered to be useful in the determination of BZD in the serum. In addition, the rapid determination of the serum in patients with acute BZD poisoning was helpful for confirming the clinical diagnosis for selecting the appropriate treatment.

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Unnecessary artificial objects, or so-called space debris, orbiting Earth contaminate the orbital environment and represent a serious problem for sustainable space development and use. One fundamental debris countermeasure is object tracking and cataloging. Such catalogs allow spacecraft mission risk assessment and the conducting of collision-avoidance maneuvers. However, the SpaceTrack object catalog released to the public is insufficient because the catalog includes relatively large objects (> 10 cm), only. We propose using two space-based sensors to address this problem and analyze their observational and tracking capabilities. Initial results suggest that approximately 4.2% of objects in low Earth orbit in size of 5-10 cm could be detected by space-based sensors. We also propose collaborative observations with a network of ground-based observatories. The space-based sensors are for detection and initial orbit determination, and the ground-based observatories are for catalog maintenance under collaboration with the space-based sensors. Initial orbit estimates from space-based sensors enable ground observatories to employ the image stacking method. Simulated differences between predicted and true apparent positions and motions indicate that it is possible to observe a target based on orbital data from space-based sensors.

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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the staple foods widely consumed by Indonesian people. They usually have rice as the biggest portion on their diet, therefore rice becomes the main source of nutrients of Indonesian people mainly for those whom live in Java Islands. Although rice is known to contain various minerals, but the minerals level are varied based on differences in geographic region associated with soil quality. Hence, quantity and quality of minerals content of rice from different regions of the world are particularly important to be characterized. The present aim of the study was to assess the composition of mineral of rice from different geographical regions in Java Islands, Indonesia using nuclear analytical techniques i.e. Neutron Activation Analysis method... Quality control of data analysis was assessed using SRM NIST Rice Flour 1568a and gave good results with accuracy (% bias) ≤5% and precision (%CV) less than 10%. The essential elements contents such as Fe, Zn, and Se were quantified and found in the range of 2.8–60.9, 2.48–28.8, and 0.01–2.17 mg/kg respectively, while for the toxic elements, Cr and Co in rice are also quantified and found in the range of 0.03–1.24 and 0.003–0.59 mg/kg, respectivelyThe elemental concentrations in rices from Java Island followed the order Zn>Fe>Se>Cr>Co. It also found that rices from East Java Province have higher concentrations of Fe and Se, while the highest mean of Zn concentration was found in the rices from Jakarta province. The daily intake of those elements in rices give significant contribution to their RDA values. These results of mineral contents in rice hopefully can be used as one of references for estimating daily nutritional intake status of especially Javanese people.

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This paper describes the mapping of the spatiotemporal principal stress distribution evolved with time in an epoxy photoelastic sample. In the optical heterodyne polarimeter exploited, the signal beam of light transmitted by the sample under continuously loaded condition is photomixed with the local oscillator beam of light made up of orthogonal linearly polarized two-frequency components. Every pixel of a MOS video camera used generates a beat photocurrent that possesses the two orthogonal field components of the elliptically polarized signal beam. The spatiotemporal principal stress distributions can be uniquely determined simultaneously and independently from these two orthogonal field components, and are successfully mapped in a time-sequential form. The spatial and temporal resolutions in the maps are 0.18 mm and 2.9 ms, respectively.

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A systematic study on the EDXRF determination of multi-elements using fusion bead specimens and a universal calibration procedure was carried out. Beads of multi-elements were prepared by mixing MERCK multi-elemental standard solutions with the fusion flux. The elemental X-ray lines of K, Ca, Ba, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn were excited using a Ge secondary target and that of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Pb, Bi and Sr using a Rh primary target. The relative sensitivities of the elemental X-ray lines obtained using different excitation modes were calculated using a single bead. Using this relative sensitivity, the concentration of elements in other bead samples was determined. The average precision obtained was 3% (1 s) and the average deviation from expected values, calculated on the basis of sample preparation, was 6%. In order to further countercheck the validity of this methodology, a standard soil sample received from IAEA was analyzed.

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We conducted a retrospective study to review the no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) in nonclinical studies and the first-human-doses (FHD) in first-in-human (FIH) studies, and to investigate the safety factors used in past FIH studies. In addition, we examined several potential factors that may influence the dose setting. Ethical drugs containing a new chemical entity approved in Japan from 2008 to 2012 were included in the present study. A human-equivalent dose of NOAEL (NHD) was calculated from NOAEL obtained from toxicity studies, based on the body surface area. The ratio of NHD to FHD was defined as the “FHD index” in this study, which was a synonym of safety factor based on body surface area. Drugs in the following categories were excluded from the study: biopharmaceuticals, derivatives of existing drug (including prodrug, active metabolite, and optical isomer), historically established medicines, combination drugs, topical application drugs, and general anaesthesia and relative medicines. In many therapeutic areas other than oncology, the safety factor to determine the starting dose in FIH studies was greater than 10, which was recommended by FDA guidance document. This finding suggested that the starting doses had been determined very prudently in past FIH studies. No apparent differences in FHD index were observed with respect to administration route (oral versus injection), subject population in FIH study (Japanese versus non-Japanese), and the most sensitive species in toxicity studies. No apparent relationship between the FHD index and the quantity of species-difference in NOAEL was identified in this study.

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The thickness of a carburized or decarburized thin layer of steel parts is found to be determinable by a newly developed method which utilizes the relationship between the depth of indentation made by a conical indenter and the indenting load. Qualitative considerations done on this method provide a good explanation for the experimental results. The authors propose this method as a quality control means instead of conventional non-destructive testing methods and microscopic examination which take time and are impractical.

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For the purpose of risk estimates from radiation carcinogenesis including leukemogenesis and radiation genetic effects, the biological significant dose is not the tissue kerma in air but the absorbed dose in organ or tissue with respect to carcinogenic and leukemogenic effects or genetic effects. In order to estimate organ or tissue dose from the tissue kerma in air, a ratio of the organ or tissue dose to the tissue kerma in air for survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki was calcuated with the aid of the Snyder's mathematical phantoms constructed so as to simulate the body shape of survivors aged 5, 10 years old and adult at the time of atomic bomb detonations. The ratios were corrected for the angular distribution of atomic bomb radiations, assuming an anisotropic angular distribution for the survivors exposed to the atomic bombs in open air and the isotropic distribution for the survivors incide a Japanese house or other structures.
The resultant ratios are tabulated as a function of incident angles on survivors for gammarays and neutrons. The ratios for neutrons were categorized according to the type of interaction of neutrons with tissue elements. It is noted that the ratios for survivors exposed as children and juveniles were significantly higher than those for survivors exposed as adults.

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Samples with a significant fraction of multidomain magnetic grains, hard secondary components and thermally unstable magnetic phases have been shown to be unreliable for paleointensity studies. However, mineral magnetic screening is rarely performed before paleointensity are made even through non-ideal magnetic properties are the main reasons for rejecting data after the work has been completed. We have conducted a detailed mineral magnetic investigation of 23 archaeological samples from Bulgaria which yielded both satisfactory and unsatisfactory paleointensity results. Our study demonstrates how the non-ideal magnetic properties lead to unacceptable paleointensity results. We have used our findings to develop a simple and practical sample selection procedure which requires only two specimens from each sample and which can be done with conventional paleomagnetic equipment. We suggest that any sample which fails to pass this screening should not be subjected to time-consuming Thellier-Thellier experiments.

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Simultaneous changes of pH in the inner and outer liquids of proteoliposomes, the membrane of which consisted of asolectin and bacteriorhodopsin (BR), were determined during transient states after a shift from the light to the dark and the reverse. Some mathematical equations of a model characterizing the mechanism of the proton transport through the proteoliposome membrane were developed by considering the proton pump of BR, lightdependent and light-independent proton leaks from the liposomes, and buffering capacities of the intra- and extravesicular liquids. The model equations (equations 8(A) and 8(B)) could assess the effect of concurrent change of the bilateral proton concentrations on the rate of proton transport and could simulate well the dynamic aspect of pH changes within the internal and external liquid of the proteoliposomes.

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