1. Perfusion of isolated carp retina with a pure oxygen saturated standard solution used in this experiment permitted several continuous hours of ERG recordings showing a distinctive b-wave as well as the PIII isolated by sodium aspartate.
2.The dark-adapted threshold for the PIII required an absorption of 5 to 6 quanta per rod.The‘rod-cone break’in the increment threshold curve for the b-wave was induced at a background intensity of about 2.0×10^-2, μW/cm².
3.Both the b-wave and the PIII showed rapid and complete recovery of sensitivity after exposure to adapting .After bright light adaptation, the sensitivities went through a short‘fast phase’followed by a prolonged‘slow phase’of recovery.The rate of recovery during the fast phase was significantly faster for the PIII than for the b-wave. Neither a lowered temperature (9°C) nor the application of ouabain (10^-6 M) influenced the fast phase.This seems to prove that the visual pigment, photoproducts and the active transport hardly participate in its mechanism, if at all.
4.The prolonged slow phase that followed the fast phase was distinguished by the recovery of the rod activity, even in isolated retinas.

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To prevent car accidents, it should be possible for pedestrians and other drivers to detect oncoming vehicles. Many car accidents are caused because persons are not aware of approaching traffic, and this applies especially to visual awareness. The daytime running light (DRL) and the third braking light (TBL) were developed to significantly increase the visibility of vehicles, and their effectiveness has been verified through numerous studies. Usage of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting technology has also become popular in auto-lighting systems because of its advantages of energy efficiency, long life, and stylish appearance. However, LED lighting technology is very different from conventional incandescent or high-intensity discharge (HID) lighting technology. In this paper, we determine the effectiveness of LEDs as DRLs and TBLs. We measure human attention levels by observing brainwaves and performing eye-tracking experiments that shows the relationship between the theory of attention, brainwaves, and eye tracking. The results obtained show that it is feasible to evaluate automotive exterior lighting using the attention levels of subjects.

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A convenient synthesis of 3,4-didehydroretinal was developed. The Horner–Emmons reaction between 3,4-didehydro-β-ionone and diphenyl phosphonate in the presence of crown ether gave the retinonitrile as an isomeric mixture, in which the newly produced double bond was predominantly 11Z-form. After separation of the 11Z-form retinonitrile, it was converted into the corresponding retinal in good yield without isomerization of the double bonds.

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非繁殖季節のサフォーク雌ヒツジ28頭を無作為に5群に分け, C群(n=4), M1群(n=6), M2群(n=6), M3群(n=6)およびM4群(n=6)とし, それぞれ1頭あたり0, 1, 2, 3および4mgのメラトニンを含むペレットを5月17日(Day 0)から60日間毎日13時に給与した. ペレット給与後の血漿メラトニン濃度のピークは30分後にみられ, ピーク値と投与されたメラトニンの量との間に高い正の相関があった(r=0.986, P<0.01). 最大投与量のM4群(4mg)のピーク値(292.7pg/ml)は夜間における内因性分泌のレベルに匹敵した. メラトニン処置の開始から周期的な排卵の開始までの期間は, 53.0±5.8, 53.6±2.5, 42.0±5.6および44.3±4.3日(それぞれM1, M2, M3およびM4群)であり, C群のそれ(72.5±1.4日)よりも短かった(M1, P<0.05; M2, M3およびM4, P<0.01). メラトニン処置は長日下における血漿プロラクチンの上昇を用量依存性に抑制した. メラトニンの用量依存的効果は, 投与量の違いによる循環血中メラトニンの日周パターンの差に起因するものと考えられた.

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ヒツジにおいて血流中のコルチゾール濃度の日内変動が給餌, 摂食によって形成されるかどうかを検討するために, 飼養条件を2ヵ月にわたって一定とした, すなわち飼料給与時刻を1300にセットした条件下 (スケジュールドフィーディング) におかれた4頭のヒツジについて, 52時間にわたり, 15分間隔で継続的に採血し, 血中コルチゾール濃度を測定した.その結果, 白昼にピークを有する一相性のパターンが明確に示された.このピークは給餌, 摂食に関連したものであると考えられた.給餌時刻への高まりは朝の中期あたりから開始された。したがって, この上昇, ピークは何らかの内的なメカニズムによって維持されており, 外的な因子に対する条件反射によるものではないと考えられた.また, これはラットにおいて認められている予知反応と同様のものと推察された.給餌後,血中コルチゾール濃度はやや減少したが, その次に著しい, 一過性の上昇を呈した。この上昇反応は, 時間的にも長い活発な摂食活動に伴ったものであると考えられた.本研究において認められた一相性パターンのピークは, これら二つの給餌前, 給餌後の, 性質の異なる上昇反応が組み合わさって形成されたものであると見なされる。

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The mammalian brain exhibits sex differences with respect to structure and function. In our previous report, we found that progranulin (PGRN)-deficient (pgrn^-/-) mice displayed an alteration in male-type behaviors, including reduced frequency of ejaculation and elevated levels of aggression and anxiety. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of PGRN in sex differences in anxiety. In the elevated plus maze, wild-type (pgrn^+/+) female mice spent more time in the closed arms than the pgrn^+/+ males, suggesting that the level of anxiety was higher in females than males. On the other hand, no sex difference was observed in the pgrn^-/- mice, and their anxiety levels were almost the same as those of the pgrn^+/+ females. To elucidate the effect of testosterone on male anxiety, male mice were castrated at 5 weeks of age and silastic tubes filled with either testosterone or cholesterol were then implanted into them for one week. These treatments did not affect anxiety in the open field in either genotypes, although the pgrn^-/- males exhibited higher anxiety than pgrn^+/+ males. Next, we measured the volume of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the locus ceruleus (LC), as these are anxiety/stress-related nuclei that are known to have sex differences in their structures. In the pgrn^+/+ mice, there was a tendency for the volume of the LC to be larger in males than females. In addition, the pgrn^-/- mice had a larger volume of LC than the pgrn^+/+ mice, although no sexual differences were observed. The number of cells in the LC was also larger in the pgrn^-/- than in the pgrn^+/+ mice. No significant differences in the volumes of the PVN were observed between genotypes or sexes. These results suggest that PGRN plays a role in organization of the LC, which eventually modulates anxiety in novel environments.

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Kinkisharyo, Mitsubishi Heavy Industry and Toyo Denki Seizo developed a 18.6m class, low-floor tram, the 1000 series. Toyo Denki Seizo developed and supplied the essential electrical equipment. The propulsion system is an axial wheel system. APS system is a high frequency type link. Total Train Control System conforms to IEC 61375 part 3-4. The 1000 series started initial operation in 2013. Now, Hiroshima Electric railway has a plan to increase capacity with additional vehicles.

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Non-restrictive relative clauses behave as if they were not present in syntactic structure in NPI licensing, VP ellipsis, and do so substitution. Since restrictive relative clauses do not show this property, the behaviors of non-restrictive relative clauses present a theoretical problem: how do these clauses merge with their antecedents? We propose that non-restrictive relative clauses merge counter-cyclically. As Epstein, Kitahara and Seely (henceforth, EKS) (2012, 2014) suggest, counter-cyclic Merge produces two-peaked structures, and these explain the invisibilities. Then, we extend the possibilities of counter-cyclic Merge from the point of view of the free Merge hypothesis, and we propose that various types of counter-cyclic Merge apply to other constructions which also show invisibilities.

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