Several conventional clustering methods use the squared L₂-norm as the dissimilarity. The squared L₂-norm is calculated from only the object coordinates and obtains a linear cluster boundary. To extract meaningful cluster partitions from a set of massive objects, it is necessary to obtain cluster partitions that consisting of complex cluster boundaries. In this study, a JS-divergence-based k-medoids (JSKMdd) is proposed. In the proposed method, JS-divergence, which is calculated from the object distribution, is considered as the dissimilarity. The object distribution is estimated from kernel density estimation to calculate the dissimilarity based on both the object coordinates and their neighbors. Numerical experiments were conducted using five artificial datasets to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In the numerical experiments, the proposed method was compared with the k-means clustering, k-medoids clustering, and spectral clustering. The results show that the proposed method yields better results in terms of clustering performance than other conventional methods.

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Apristunes sibogae (Weber, 1913) はインドネシァ, マカッサル海峡で採集された1個体の雌若小標本に基づいて記載された.近年著者は本種の知られている唯一の標本でもある完模式標本を調査し, 当該標本は現在全体が極めてもろくなって壊れやすく, しかも収縮変形が著しいことを知った.本種については, Weber (1913) の簡単な原記載以後, 何回か模式標本の記載がなされているが, これらはいずれも収縮し, 変形した状態をそのまま記載しており, 種の特徴が誤って述べられている.極めて脆弱な状態にある模式標本およびその不十分で誤った記載を考えると, 近い将来本種の正確な特徴が失われてしまう恐れが強い.そこで, Weberの測定値と現在の測定値を比較し, 収縮率を求めることにより, 本種の完模式標本を復元し, 再記載することを試みた.その結果, A. sibogaeは短い吻, 短い腹部, 後方に始まる第1背鰭, 第2背鰭よりかなり小さい第1背鰭, 歯数, 腹椎骨数などの形質で日本のヘラザメA. platyrhynchusに極めて近似しているが, 両眼間隔, 第2背鰭と臀鰭の位置関係などに差異がみられ, これらは現在のところ種的な差異と判断された.

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ヤリヘラザメはフィリピン近海から報告されて以来記録がなく, その分類にっいては不明な部分が多かった.近年, 銚子, 土佐湾および沖縄舟状海盆海域から本種の標本を入手できたので, 形態学的に本種の特徴を明確にすると共に, 近縁種との分類学的比較検討を行なった.その結果, 本種は極めて長い吻と尾鰭をもち, 腹部が短いという特徴を有することが判明した.以上の特徴では本種はテングヘラザメに似るが, 本種の歯はより数が多く, 両鼻孔間隔がより狭く, さらに口前吻長がより長いことなどで識別可能である.また, シナ海より記載, 報告された数種のヘラザメについては, 入手できた模式標本の形質が不十分のため, これらと本種との分類学的検討が不可能であったが, これらは本種に酷似する.背鰭が1基のPentanchus profuπdicolusは一部に本種と同種であるとの考えもあるが, 本種とは歯数が一致しなかった.

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This paper presents a new algorithm of sequential cluster extraction based on hard c-means and hard c-medoids clustering. Sequential cluster extraction means that the algorithm extracts ‘one cluster at a time.’ A characteristic parameter, called a noise parameter, is used in noise clustering based sequential clustering. We propose a novel sequential clustering method called new sequential clustering, extracts an arbitrary number of objects as one cluster by considering the noise parameter as a variable to be optimized. Experimental results with four data sets confirm the effectiveness of our proposal. These results also show that classification results strongly depend on parameter ν and that our proposal is applicable to the first stage in a two-stage clustering algorithm.

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Conventionally, the move vehicle extracted details to perform white line detection, and had determined white line by the straight line approximating methods, such as Hough transformation. By this technique, It notes that the white line width of the road surface picture changed into the overhead view is constant and the luminosity of the white line circumference becomes dark relatively from a white line. White line detection is performed using a type operator to the point.

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Remimazolam is an ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine whose action is not prolonged. It is rapidly hydrolyzed, mainly by hepatic carboxylesterase 1, resulting in a short duration of action and little metabolic activity, so its effects are not prolonged in patients with renal impairment. It is useful for anesthesia management in kidney transplantation because it causes little decrease in blood pressure. We report the use of remimazolam in the management of kidney transplantation in a patient with cognitive decline. The patient was a 46-year-old woman on maintenance hemodialysis. She had experienced cognitive decline after a subarachnoid hemorrhage. She was managed with combined epidural general anesthesia, which was induced with remimazolam, remifentanil, and rocuronium, and was maintained with remimazolam, remifentanil, and levobupivacaine. Intraoperatively, there is no decrease in blood pressure, remimazolam was discontinued after surgery, and she awoke immediately and was extubated in the operating room without postoperative delirium. In conclusion, remimazolam causes less hypotension than other agents and was useful for anesthesia management of kidney transplantation in a patient with cognitive decline. Remimazolam has little effect on metabolites, so even patients with renal failure and a history of postoperative delirium do not have prolonged effects and may experience rapid, mild awakening and extubation without postoperative delirium and no need for re-sedation.

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In mountainous areas, radiance decreases locally owing to the shade created by the topographic slope. This reduction causes paddy fields to be misclassified using satellite images. The characteristics of the radiance of paddy fields are close to those of shaded forest and grassland because paddy fields are covered with paddy and water that absorb radiance. In this study, we propose a novel method to correct the classification results using the terrain characteristics of terraced paddy fields in mountainous areas. We then applied this method to the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces in Yunnan, China. The results show that this correction method significantly improves the accuracy of paddy field classification. The kappa coefficient of the proposed method is equal to or greater than that of existing model.

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The effects of adding egg white and soybean protein on the rheological properties of kamaboko are examined by the stress-relaxation measurement, the jelly-strength measurement, and folding test. Although the additives increase the jelly-strength, elasticity, and viscosity, the effects are eliminated by adjusting the water-content to the value of the control sample which does not contain the additives. The additives may not contribute to the network structure of kamaboko. On the other hand, the rheological properties of kamaboko made of the different kinds of frozen surimi are also examined.

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This study investigated the networks originating from frontal eye fields (FEFs) using electric cortical stimulation and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Seven patients with intractable focal epilepsy, in which FEFs were identified by electrical cortical stimulation, were enrolled in this study. Electric stimulation at 50 Hz was applied to the electrodes for functional mapping. DTI was used to identify the subcortical fibers originating from the FEFs with two regions of interests (ROIs) in the FEF and contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF). FEFs were found in the superior precentral sulcus (pre-CS) in six patients and superior frontal gyrus (SFG) in three patients. DTI detected fibers connecting FEFs and contralateral PPRFs, passing within the internal capsule. The fibers were located close to the lateral antero-superior border of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and medial posterior border of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). This study found the characteristic subcortical networks of the FEF. These tracts should be noted to prevent complications of deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN or GPi.

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This paper discusses the assembly variation that may arise when the positioning between two parts is constrained using a hole and a slot to fit over two locators. This method of controlling mating parts is called “positioning”. Two parts positioned using a hole and a slot fitting over two locators may move relative to each other during assembly because of slight clearances between the locator-hole pair, and/or between the locator-slot pair. The relative motion of two parts using this positioning might simply be considered to be small rotations about the locator-hole joint. However, in many cases, equal locator-hole and locator-slot clearances are toleranced, resulting a motion which is more complex than simple translation or rotation. This paper addresses the motion area that is obtained by positioning using a hole, a slot, and two locators. When the assembly is defined with nominal inter-locator distance of L and locator-hole and locator-slot size clearances of 2δ, the motion area of an arbitrary point (X, Y ) is explicitly described. The motion area corresponding to (X, Y ) is all coordinates (x, y) such that x = 2δ {Y/L(sin θ + 1)+ cos θ }, (tan θ = Y/L), y = 2δ (X≦L), y = 2δ (2X/L-1) (X＞L). This paper presents a tolerance analysis application using the above.

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A new dendrochirotid sea cucumber collected in the intertidal zone of western Japan, Lipotrapeza littoralis sp. nov., is described. This species has a medium body size (approximately 30–80 mm), brownish body color, 20 tentacles arranged in a (15+5), a long calcareous ring, ten anal papillae and five anal scales, and numerous pedicels covering the entire body at an even density. For comparison, we also examined the syntype specimens of Lipotrapeza japonica Heding and Panning, 1954 and provide illustrations of the general appearance of its body, calcareous ring, and ossicles. The calcareous rings of both species are very similar in appearance, but the new species is readily distinguishable from L. japonica by the number of anal papillae. The appearance of the rosette ossicles also differs in the two species.

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Three criteria necessary for larval overwintering of Spodoptera litura were determined from the results of laboratory and field experiments in order to predict the overwintering areas of this insect in Japan. the first criterion is for the daily minimum temperature in winter to be higher than -5°C, which is the lethal low temperature of the larvae. On the other hand, larvae are known to require a daily effective temperature for development (DET) of more than 0.9 degree-days (DD). this necessary DET is decided in accordance with cold intensity and duration of sub-zero temperatures per day. Surplus or deficient DET for long term survival of larvae per day was calculated by subtracting the necessary DET from the actual DET. Consequently, the second criterion is summarized as follows: cumulative surplus DETs≧cumulative deficient DETs in winter (Dec. 15th to Mar. 15th). The third criterion is for the number of consecutive days with deficient DET to be 30 or less. these three criteria must be met in order for overwintering of S. litura larvae to occur. the likely overwintering areas of S. litura in Japan were predicted by analyzing temperature data of the Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMcDAS) on the basis of the three criteria mentioned above.

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A thermomagnetic approach was used to investigate the early stage of spinodal decomposition in the ferromagnetic Ni-29 at%Cu-21 at%Pd alloy. First, the phase relationship associated with the decomposition was determined by measuring the Curie temperature and the lattice parameter. Next it was confirmed by TEM observations that as annealed at 773 K after solution treatment, the alloy decomposes by a spinodal mechanism and result in the modulated structure. The thermomagnetic curves were measured for the alloy annealed at 773 K during various periods of time. By comparing the experimental curves with the calculated ones, assuming a sinusoidal composition fluctuation, the kinetics of the amplitude growth can be estimated in the spinodal decomposition.

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The sound velocity ν and sound attenuation coefficient α_s of fluid Hg have been measured at 20 MHz in wide temperature and pressure ranges including the supercritical conditions. In the liquid state the density dependence of v exhibits a clear inflection near 9 g/cm³, where the metal-nonmetal transition occurs, and in the gaseous state ν shows the ideal gas behavior. Near the critical point a minimum of ν is clearly observed and α_s becomes very large. When the sound attenuation per wave length for Hg is compared with that for Ar at constant reduced temperatures and reduced densities, the former is found to be much larger than the latter.

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Gymnura japonica (Temminck et Schlegel, 1850) was described on the basis of specimens collected at Nagasaki.In the mean time G. bimaculata (Norman, 1925) was described on a specimen, 257 mm in total length, collected in the Chinese coast.In his brief description (18 lines) Norman pointed out characteristics of his new species as“it's tail is a little longer in comparison with known butterfly rays and there is a pair of oval bluish white ocelli at posterior side of spiracle.”Norman's species has long been regarded as valid by subsequent workers.Among them, some have either a pair of large white ocelli on disc or only one ocellus, or have a pair of large and small ocelli.Variation in pattern of white ocelli and in morphometric characters were studied on 24 individuals (specimens of Mus.Tokyo Univ. Fish., MTUF 22083-22106) from the East China Sea including young specimens.There is no valid reason for separation of two nominal species, and G.bimaculata should be regarded as a junior synonym of G.japonica.

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The effect of different adult sex-ratios on fecundity in Spodoptera litura was investigated using a Latin square design divided into 9 divisions. The total number of eggs deposited in a division tended to decrease with the lowering of the male ratio, although the results of an analysis-of-variance test proved insignificant. Hatchability, however, was not affected by the sex-ratios. In consequence of the above experiment, the 9 divisions were divided into 2 groups of high and low larval densities. One day after hatching, a drastic decrease in larval number was observed in both of the 2 groups. No fundamental difference in the trend of survivorship curves existed between the groups. Thus, the decline in fecundity due to the lowered male ratio brought about a maintenance of a relatively low level population density during the larval stage. Additionally, the relationships of mean crowding to mean density were also examined with regard to the larvae on the respective plants in a division.

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In every industry where color is important to the product, the routine evaluation of small color differences for the matching of similar materials has been generally carried out by skilled visual assessment. The Japan Color Research Institute (JCRI for short), however, depends on colorimetric evaluation using the color difference formula devised by Adams and Nickerson (ANLAB-40 for short). When correcting the color of the specimen, most color-matchers will want to know about the deviation from the reference, its direction and bias. For this purpose, a card indicating a small area of the ANLAB-40 color space is used. On this card, the narrow area around the reference is enlarged. It is possible to determine geometrically the direction and the bias of the specimen from the reference by using the card. Taking the opportunity when the CIE 1976 (L^*a^*b^*) color space (CIELAB for short) was provided, JCRI changed the color space from ANLAB-40 to CIELAB for use in colorimetric evaluation. Thus, as the quintic expression table is not used in the process of calculation, misreadings can be avoided completely. Furthermore, JCRI modified CIELAB to avoid the way by which the differences of hue, lightness and saturation were read graphically. The coefficients of suitable quantities were multiplied by a^* and b^*. Recently, colorimetric evaluation for color matching at JCRI has depended only on numerical specifications obtained by computer without the need for any manual or graphical process.

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