The vapor permeation properties of an FAU-type zeolite membrane, which was formed on the outer surface of a porous α-Al₂O₃ support tube, were determined in the temperature range of 358–413 K. The measurements were carried out using single-component benzene (Bz) and n-alkanes (C₄-C₇), as well as mixtures of benzene and n-alkanes. The hydrocarbons were diluted with nitrogen, and the partial pressures of hydrocarbons on the feed side were determined to be 7–8 kPa for the single-component systems and 4–5 kPa for each component of the binary systems. The permeate side was swept with a flow of nitrogen. The permeances were dependent on the permeation temperature and, to a greater extent, on the presence of benzene. For the single-component systems, the permeances were dependent on the diffusivities of the permeants, and the diffusivity of benzene through the membrane was the smallest of all the hydrocarbons tested. For the binary systems, however, benzene permeated at faster rates than any of the n-alkanes, and the permeances to n-alkanes were not directly dependent on their chain lengths. This benzene-selective permeation was realized using the FAU-type zeolite membrane with pore openings larger than the molecular size of benzene. The separation factors were affected by the partial pressures of permeants on the permeate side. When the partial pressures on the permeate side were in the range of 100–140 Pa for benzene and 1–4 Pa for n-alkanes, the separation factors at 373 K were 57 for Bz/n-C₄, 70 for Bz/n-C₅, 63 for Bz/n-C₆, and 27 for Bz/n-C₇. The adsorption selectivities for the binary systems on the feed-side surface of the membrane were 24 for Bz/n-C₄ and 15 for Bz/n-C₇, and were much higher than those for the single-component systems. This suggests that the adsorption of the n-alkanes on the FAU-type zeolites was strongly retarded by the selective adsorption of benzene.

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Sclerosis of the cornu Ammonis or Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) is an “often-described, yet hitherto enigmatic phenomen” as Spielmyer put it in 1927. It has been found in cases with ischemia, anoxia or hypoglycemia and in more than half of the epileptic brains examined at autopsy. Various theories about its pathogenesis have been propunded. Among them, the “Pathoklise” theory of the Vogts and the vascular theory of Spielmeyer and his associates were prevailing until recently. In 1953, two articles were published to contribute to the pathogenesis of ictal automatism (a type of complex partial or temporal lobe seizures). One is the incisural sclerosis theory by Penfield and his associates and the other is the Ammon's horn sclerosis theory by Sano and Malamud. The former authors described a diffuse sclerosis of the infero-mesial temporal structures without, however, specifically relating it to AHS. They considered it was the result of localized anoxia of that portion of the brain caused by incisural herniation occurring during parturition. Sano and Malamud maintained that AHS is a result of convulsions, a distinct scar adjacent to which epileptogenic foci may develop in the course of time to cause ictal antomatism. The latter theory was corroborated by Sano, and others. expanded the theory to the assertion that not only ictal automatism but other types of intractable epilepsy may be due to “mesial temporal (Ammon's horn) sclerosis”. The most recent development in the pathogenesis of AHS is the excitotoxicity theory. Namely, AHS is caused by excessive excitation of neurons, probably by putative excitatory neurotransmitters, especially, glutamate. For this theory, there is a significant body of evidence. The problem of AHS, an old research subject and a matter of long-lasting controversy, has now been updated and become one of the newest topics in the field of experimental neurobiology.

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異常卵を産む能力の遣伝率は, パーセント尺度をその分布が正規になるような適当な変換をした後に推定することが多い。しかし, その異常卵の発現率が低く, かなりの部分の鶏が頻度0となるような場合には, その変換は難しい。このような場合の遣伝率を推定する一方法として, 実現遣伝率推定の考えを利用したの方法を応用して, 遣伝率とその標準偏差を推定する式を導き, 2黄卵での計算例を示した。2黄卵出現の遣伝率は, 全きようだいの関係から0.404±0.223, 半きようだいの関係から0.422±0.341と推定された。

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Falconry is one of the most traditional co-hunting styles of Japan. Public patronage began in the 4^th century; it was the exclusive preserve of nobles and feudal lords until the 19th Century. The culture especially flourished in the 17^th to 19^th centuries under the family of the Tokugawa shogun. Some 1,600 km² of Edo (presently Tokyo) served as a falconry preserve (Otakaba). Because all hunting of animals was prohibited inside of it, Otakaba also served the role of game preserve. After the Meiji Restoration, the Otakaba system lapsed and falconers lost their jobs. As the Edo area developed, new foreign customs changed the Japanese life style. The Imperial Household Ministry (presently Imperial Household Agency) preserved falconry as a time-honored art on the wishes of the Emperor Meiji. Falconers trained hawks and falcons, and worked at duck netting preserves (Kamoba). But following World War II, all this traditional hunting has ceased. On the other hand, private falconry activity is opening up. After his retirement from the Imperial Household Agency, Mr. Kaoru Hanami was invited by his pupils to become the president of The Japanese Falconers Association. He taught them to carry on the art of falconry that had been handed down to him, the Suwa hawking school, which is one of the most traditional styles. In his school, the hawk was considered to be an avatar that should be respected, but modern people did not understand or think that way. Because of his concern about the tendency of the people to look down on hawks as pets or mere hunting tools, he propounded a coined expression, “Jinyoh-Ittai” (man and hawk as one) to build a relationship of equality. There are other schools and dedicated groups that are trying to do sports falconry, and many clubs organized by pet owners in Japan. Also, in recent years, development of telemetry systems promises to make falconry more efficient.

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The effective population size (N_e) under marker-assisted selection (MAS) was considered in terms of the intrafamily (intraclass) correlation of selection criterion. It was shown that the effect of MAS on N_e depends not only on the phenotypic correlation (t) among family members but also on the genetic relationship (r) among family members. MAS with individual's phenotype and molecular score reduces N_e when t < r , and increases N_e when t > r , compared to the conventional selection on individual's phenotype alone. ln contrast, compared to the selection with phenotypic information from individual and family members, MAS using phenotypic and molecular information from individual and family members is expected to increase N_e when t < r , and has the reversed effect when t > r . Assuming a population consisting of full-sib families (r = 1⁄2), numerical computation and Monte Carlo simuation were carried out to illustrate and check the result.

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Experiments and simulations have been carried out to study the possibility of a new proposed method (MPMR) for improving the performance of a conventional porous membrane reactor system (CPMR), by which the sweep side is filled the same dehydrogenation catalyst as used in the feed side. By experiment and simulation, it is proved that MPMR can improve CPMR not only with pure feed but also with diluted feed. The reason for the improvement is because the sweep side can effectively convert reactant that permeates through the membrane. However, Vycor glass-based MPMR cannot exceed the performance of GFBR, which is a fixed bed reactor where all inert gas dilutes the reaction system. Simulation results show that partial pressures of products in the sweep side of the MPMR are much smaller than those in the feed side. Therefore permeation of reactive species from the feed side to the sweep side still occurs as observed for CPMR.

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Pyroaurite-like compounds with a series of crystal quality were synthesized in a strong alkali solution with pH above 13. The characterization of the synthesized compounds was carried out in terms of the crystal quality, specific surface area and intercalated anions of the compounds. The crystal quality of the compounds decreased with increase in the aging time. The lower crystal quality compound showed larger dissolution than the higher crystal quality one in a solution depending on buffering capacity of the solution. Removal of phosphate using the dissolution followed by coagulation and/or precipitation process of the compounds was demonstrated. Phosphate removal property of the compounds was examined as a function of the crystal quality of the compounds, buffering capacity of the solution and competitive anion in the solution. The phosphate removal was increased depending on decrease of the crystal quality of the compound and increase of the buffering capacity of the solution. The significance of crystal quality of the compounds on the phosphate removal was elucidated.

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The practices of target costing and kaizen costing have received considerable prominence as cost management methods which can support competitive strategies. However these techniques do require the support of internal cost information systems which provide both guidance and feedback on policies to effectively reduce resource consumption within the organisation. This paper explores the operation of just such a system-the kousuu reporting system. It involves the monitoring of resource use in the conversion cost area by profiling the various work times associated with component functions. This gives visibility to resource consumption, it supports the kaizen philosophy of beating previous actual performance by revealing time trends and facilitates cost management by integrating budgetary targets and ideas for improvement. As it is based on straightforward non-financial measures it provides a relatively unambiguous source of feedback which indicates the impact of previous decisions and guides future action on resource consumption and reduction.

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The reverse osmosis process needs no phase transformation during separation, and thus it has a potential in saving energy for liquid mixture separations. Application of reverse osmosis to organic liquid is limited, owing to the lower stability of polymer membranes against organic liquid. Zeolites are inorganic materials having durability against organic liquid and heat, and they show good separation ability in pervaporation. In this study, zeolite membrane was firstly applied to the reverse osmosis process. Zeolite A membrane, having thickness around 5 μm, showed 0.44 rejection from 10wt% ethanol water mixture. The membrane was stable to applied pressures up to 50 kgf cm^–2.

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Negative genetic correlation between reproductive effort and longevity has often been assumed when predicting the structure of the genetic equilibrium state of life history evolution. To examine the validity of this assumption, genetic correlations among life history characters of adult females of the azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) were estimated by sib-analysis. Negative genetic correlations were obtained between fecundity and longevity characters. The most evident negative correlations were between total fecundity and longevity (-0.892). Genetic trade-off seems to exist between fecundity and lifespan characters, supporting the above assumption.

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Heritabilities of external morphologies (pupal weight, body weight, forewing length, median cell length, hindwing length) in Pieris rapae crucivora were estimated by quantitative genetic method (sib analysis). The experiment was done to know the type and force of natural selection acting on these trains that might be of ecological significance. The estimates were in the low to moderate range (0.2-0.9, 0.44 on average)for the characters. These results suggest that genetic variances were maintained in these characters of Pieris rapae crucivora.

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CHA-type zeolite SAPO-34 membranes were synthesized on a tubular porous α-alumina support using a secondary growth method and tested for the separation of water/acetic acid mixtures by vapor permeation. The effects of SiO₂ molar fraction in the preparation gel on the membrane formation process and the separation properties of SAPO-34 membranes were studied. The SiO₂ molar fraction in the synthesis gel substantially affected the separation properties of prepared membranes. The membrane synthesized using a gel with a composition of 1.0 Al₂O₃ : 0.9 H₃PO₄ : 0.6 SiO₂ : 0.8 TEAOH : 100 H₂O exhibited a high separation factor of 140 with the water permeance of 2.2×10⁻⁷ mol m⁻² s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹. SAPO-34 membranes prepared in this study also showed resistance against acetic acid.

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Breeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for resistance to sclerotinia crown and stem rot (SCR, causal agent: Sclerotinia trifoliorum Eriks.), which is a serious disease in Japan, was initiated in 1983. Increase of resistance to this disease has been examined following repeated selection of surviving plants from artificially inoculated field plots to the 9th generation. The strains selected for SCR resistance showed a higher resistance than Natsuwakaba and Tachiwakaba which were used as breeding materials and control cultivars. The effectiveness of selection based on the survival rate of the progenies increased gradually as generations in which the recurrent selection was performed advanced. Realized heritability was low in the 1st and 2nd generations in which selection was performed but was high in the 3rd to 9th generations. It is considered that the selection effect on the SCR resistance was enhanced in the subsequent generations. The results of these studies may indicate that recurrent selection is effective for the accumulation of resistance genes with minor polygenic effect, especially in the case of breeding work for the improvement of characters, which had been considered almost impossible by short-term selection trials.

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 Harrach River, located in semi-arid area in Algeria, has provided important water resources in Alger, capital city of Algeria. But it has been severely polluted by many industries with heavy metals, and there exist few observed data in pollutants in stream water and sediment for investigation of environmental countermeasure. However, there are possibility to understand heavy metal behavior and to improve accuracy of numerical model by using combination of heavy metals as chemical tracers. In this study, heavy metal transport in the watershed were numerically assessed by using lead and mercury. Hydraulic momentum transport were reproduced by distributed hydrological model with object-oriented design. Transport of dissolved heavy metal, such as mercury and lead, were modeled as instances of transportable object. Heavy metals in sediment were also estimated by partition model in the assumption of equilibrium state, and were verified by observed data. Combination of various heavy metals can prominently improve applicability of object-oriented designed model even to developing country with few observation dataset.

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閾値形質の遺伝率推定に用いられる4つの方法 (2値法, 逆正弦変換法, プロビット変換法およびDempseter and Lerner法) について, その推定精度を比較した。枝分かれ交配様式のモデルからコンピュータ上で仮想的な交配を行い, 閾値形質を持つ子を生成し, その遺伝率を4つの方法でそれぞれ推定した。2値法と逆正弦変換法は, 設定した真の遺伝率に対して常に過小推定であり, 両方法は同じ挙動を示した。プロビット変換法は偏り少なく遺伝率を推定したが, 高い遺伝率および極端な閾値形質の発生率において異常な過大推定を招いた。Dempster and Lerner法はすべてにおいて真に近い遺伝率を推定した。したがって, 閾値形質の遺伝率を推定するときには, Dempster and Lerner法を用いるのが最善であると考えられた。

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