本稿は，主としてオランダ語に基づいて，裸名詞が動詞と一緒に緊密な語彙的まとまりを形成する「擬似編入」と呼ばれる現象を扱う。擬似編入の意味論は真性の名詞編入と同じで，裸名詞が総称解釈を受け，名詞と動詞の組み合わせは慣習化された活動を表す。ただし，擬似編入における名詞と動詞のまとまりは，主節および動詞繰り上げ構文において分離可能であるため，語ではなく句である。オランダ語の裸名詞（単数形・複数形いずれも可能）と動詞との組み合わせは構造的に2通りの分析が可能である。ひとつは裸名詞のみで構成される名詞句と動詞が動詞句構造（VP）を形成する場合，もうひとつは裸名詞が動詞に付加された[N⁰ V⁰]_V0という語彙的まとまりを形成する場合である。オランダ語の動詞繰り上げ，迂言的進行形構文，および適切な否定形（

またはniet）の選択におけるこれらNV形の振舞いは，上述の2つの構造から導き出すことができる。このように，オランダ語の擬似編入は，Iida and Sells（2008）が日本語の類似現象について行った分析と並行的に捉えることができる。もし裸名詞が動詞から項としての役割を受けることができなければ，その裸名詞は必然的に，上述の2番目の構造，すなわち名詞が動詞に付加された構造になる。

擬似編入は，特定の統語形式が特定の意味解釈（この場合，慣習化された活動）と結びつくという意味で，コンストラクション（構造体）と見なすことができる。すなわち，擬似編入の意味論を適切に扱うためには，コンストラクションの概念が必要なのである。

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The present study investigated the effects of media violence on affective, cognitive, and physiological reactions of viewers. Eighty undergraduate students (male=40, female=40) participated in the experiment. First, subjects were exposed to one of four violent films whose levels of violence and entertainment were based on ratings taken in a previous study (Yoshida & Yukawa, 1996). Immediately after viewing the film, subjects described their thoughts which occurred during watching the film and rated thier affective reactions toward the film. Heart rate and eyeblink rate as indicators of physiological arousal were measured continuously before, during, and after the film. Results showed that the film high in violence elicited more negative and empty-powerless affects, while the film high in entertainment evoked more positive affects.

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Effects of 5 different pkotoregimes on otolith increment formation were observed in embryonic and larval rainbow trout. Fertilized eggs were incubated within 4h under photoperiods of 6-h light and 6-h dark (LD 6:6), LD 12:12, and LD 24:24 at about 10.3°C Other eggs at l week post-fertilization were incubated under constant light (LL) or constant darkness (DD). They were sampled at hatching and swim-up, and the number of otolith (sagitta) increments were counted under transmitted light. Sagittae first appeared as multiprimordia 1 or 2 days before the initia-tion of eye pigmentation and the initial increment was laid down at the eyed stage. The mean counts of otolith increments were highly correlated with each event of the light-dark cycles and expressed by the regression lines: Y=1.96X+29.25 for LD 6:6, Y=1.04X+14.39 for LD 12:12, and Y=0.53X+6.83 for LD 24:24 groups, where Y signifies the count of increments and X re-presents the number of days elapsed (X=O at hatching). Increments were also found under LL and DD, but the counts were variable for each individual. The mean rate of increment deposi-fion from hatching to swim-up was about 1.2 and 1.4 per day in the LL and DD groups, respec-tively. These results indicate that photoperiod works as a potent entrainer for the rhythmic formation of otolith increments in embryonic and larval rainbow trout. Some stimuli other than photoperiod may also be capable of inducing otolith increment formation.

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We developed a simple method to measure carbonate adsorption by soils and clays at equilibrium with the air having elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. The method uses bags made of laminated polyamide-polyethylene film as experimental container. Soil or clay sample is put in the bag and sealed up. Addition of equilibrating solution and air containing CO² and sampling of the air and solution are all made through a three-way stopcock attached to the bag. The equilibrium pH is measured with a fow-through glass electrode attached also to the stopcock.
The carbonate adsorption by specimen boehmite was measured with the proposed method under equilibrium CO² concentration of 3 to 3.9% and pH of 4.4 to 7.6. The carbonate adsorption increased as the pH increased, reached maximum at around pH 7.4 and then decreased. The coefficient of variation of the measured values ranged 2.0 to 4.3%, which were significantly lower than those from measurements with conventional methods.

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海中光の深度に伴う, 強度及び波長組成の変化に対応した植物プランクトンの光合成的適応を明らかにする目的で, 北部北太平洋の数測点で採取した植物プランクトンについて, 色素組成と光合成特性の深さによる変化を調べた. 植物プランクトンの色素組成は生細胞及び90%アセトン抽出液の吸収スペクトルから調べたが, 生育深度による相違は顕著でなく, 生産層深部で優占的である緑色青色光の植物プランクトンの色素組成に対する効果は小さいものと考えられる. 光合成特性は青色光, 緑色光, 赤色光及び白色光を用いて調べた. よく成層した水塊中の植物プランクトンの光-光合成曲線は表層の陽性型から深層の陰生型へと顕著な分化を示したが, 深層の植物プランクトンの緑色光に対する光合成的適応は確認できなかった. 植物プランクトンの青色光下と緑色光下での光合成効率は生育深度に関係なく, それぞれ白色光下のそれの105-115%と80-90%であった.

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To study the mechanism of element incorporation into bivalve shells living in hydrothermal environments, the chemical composition of deep-sea mussel (Bathymodiolus platifrons) shell was analyzed using three microanalytical techniques. Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Ba/Ca ratios were measured in ∼8-μm-diameter spots by secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Mg, Sr, Ca, and S distributions were analyzed by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA; spatial resolution, ∼2 μm). Micro-scale shell structures were observed by SEM and optical microscope. The inner aragonitic layer comprised three sublayer types. The thick organic sublayers and homogeneous sublayers were interlaminated sporadically among usually deposited nacreous layers. Elemental compositions were significantly associated with shell sublayer types. The thick organic sublayers contained higher Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios by factors of up to 3.0, 2.6 and 3.2, respectively, compared to the adjacent nacreous layers. On the other hand, Mn/Ca ratios in homogeneous sublayers were depleted down to one third of those in adjacent nacreous layers. Our data suggest that biological effects are significant for micro scale elemental distributions.

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Losses in primary productivity estimates caused by desiccation of filters ranged from 18 to 52% and were inversely related to the natural logarithms of light intensities during incubation. Losses caused by preservation were variable, depending on filter treatment and radioactivity counting method but were generally high in scintillation determinations. Significant fractions of total differences between primary productivity estimates from liquid scintillation counts of immediately filtered wet filters and Geiger-Müller counts of immediately filtered dry filters were associated with overestimating the relative activity of the carbon-14 stock solution (from 15 to 24%). In view of these and other causes for underestimating primary productivtiy, the ¹⁴C method requires further critical examination.

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日本のマグロ刺身市場の中で最高値がつくミナミマグロ(インドマグロ)は地理的にオーストラリア(主に西岸・南岸の沿岸・沖合いを回遊)を中心とすると、西は南アフリカ沿岸・沖合いから東は南米沖まで大回遊している高度回遊性魚種の代表である。今日まで主に日本とオーストラリアによって漁獲されているが、いわゆる「乱獲」的漁業によって資源量減少化傾向が1960年代後半から顕著に現れてきたのに加え、オーストラリアの若年齢魚の漁獲の急激な増大が資源枯渇にさらに拍車をかけた。これに対応するため、1982年から日・豪・NZ三国者協議による国際管理が行われてきている。また、今年5月10日には「ミナミマグロ保存条約」にこの3カ国が署名し、「協議」という非公式なものから「会議」という公式なものにその形式が変わり国際基本ルール作りをしていく骨組みが徐々にできつつある段階にきている。本稿では国際漁業管理における一つの管理手法である量的抑制について成長段階別利用の量的効率性や経済的効率性などの視点から単純な静態モデルを使ってミナミマグロ漁業の検討・分析をする。そのためまず生物学的見地からみた絶対量視点からの効率のよい資源利用について検討をした後、次に経済要因を加味した分析をする。この二つの検討・分析視点から得られた結果がミナミマグロを管理していく上で一つの判断材料になればということが基本課題となっている。生物学的に絶対量として効率の良い資源利用というのは物理的にミナミマグロを最大限にしかも持続的利用が可能な利用ということがポイントになる。すなわち、量的にミナミマグロを最も多く漁獲することができ、しかも親魚資源の絶対量を一定にしておくということが基準となる。このことをオーストラリア及び日本の2カ国だけにしぼって検討していくが、この2カ国における漁業のミナミマグロ漁獲による死亡係数の和を最小にすることが判断できれば良いということになる。次に経済要因を加えた分析であるが、基本としてはミナミマグロの価格や漁業の費用を前述の生物モデルに加え、どのようなコンビネーションが最も経済効率がよいかを探ることがポイントになる。本稿における「経済効率が最も良い」という表現は純利益を最大にする組み合わせという意味で、[989年の具体的な実数値を入れ分析・検討している。また、発展問題としてミナミマグロ漁業の現1犬を非零和N人協力ゲームとしコアを求めるゲーム理論からの検討も加えている。

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This study investigated the effect of the presence of other person on cognition, emotion, and aggressive behavior elicited by media violence. In experiment 1, sixty undergraduate students (30 males and 30 females) were first exposed to a violent video either with the same-gender person or alone. Then, subjects described what they were thinking about while watching the video, and rated their affect about the video. Heart rate and eye blink rate were recorded continuously while watching the video. Results showed that the presence of other person while exposed to media violence inhibited negative affect and facilitated positive thoughts and affect. In experiment 2, sixty undergraduate students (30 males and 30 females)were exposed to a violent video either with the samegender person who reacted positively to the video or with the one who reacted negatively. Unlike the experiment 1, aggressive behavior was measured on the Taylor (1967) paradigm. Results showed that the presence of other person who reacted positively to media violence facilitated aggressive behavior.

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The present study manipulated fear-arousal (fear, non-fear) and anonymity (high, low) in a 2×2 factorial design. From the theory of deindividuation (Zimbardo, 1969), the two varlables were expected to induce an internal state of deindividuation, and thereby disinhibit aggressive behavior.
Fifty-seven male undergraduates were randomly assigned to each of the four experimental groups. The subjects were asked either to take a pill which had side-effects (fear condition), or to take coffee (non-fear condition). In addition, the subjects in the low anonymity condition were asked their name and about their personal backgrounds, and they were always called by name during the experiment. They were also given a name tag to wear. In the high anonymity condition, subjects were not asked their name nor anything about their personal backgrounds. Instead, they were given a white robe to wear to decrease individuality.
The subjects were then given an opportunity to deliver electric shocks to another subject (confederate) through a Buss-type aggression machine. Both the intensity and duration of the shocks were recorded during the administration of aggression. Deilldividuation was measured on a postsession questlonnaire that assesed the subjects' memory of their own aggressive behavior.
Prior to statistical treatment, two orthogonal variates, direct aggression and indirect aggression, were identified by a principal component analysis of the aggression data. The effects of fear arousal and anonymity manipulation upon the variates were as follows: (a) fear arousal increased indirect aggresson but did not affect direct aggression; (b) anonymity manipulation affected direct aggression but did not affect indirect aggression. The questionnaire data did not confirm the mediation of the deindividuated intemal state.
It may be concluded that fear arousal and anonymity manipulation affected different aspects of aggressive behavior, though it remains uncertain whether or net the effects were mediated by the internal state of deindividuation.

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In order to investigate the adsorptive properties for As(III) and As(V) at 303 K, the magnetite was prepared by adding the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture solution of Fe²⁺:Fe³⁺ = 1:2 using iron chloride. The adsorption of As(III) and As(V) was dependent on equilibrium pH and showed a maximum value at pH 6 and 5, respectively. From their chemical species existing at each pH and the pH of the zero point of charge of the magnetite surface, As(V) was probably adsorbed on the surface of the magnetite through the electrostatic force, while the adsorption of As(III) was different from that of As(V). It is probable that As(III) was absorbed through an ester reaction on the magnetite. The adsorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) were 2.77 × 10^–1 mmol·g^–1 and 2.28 × 10^–1 mmol·g^–1, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium constants for As(III) and As(V) were 4.74 dm³·mmol^–1 and 12.1 dm³·mmol^–1, respectively, suggesting that the magnetite has higher affinity to As(V). An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was useful as an eluent for desorption of As(III) and As(V).

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バングラデシュで最初に地下水ヒ素汚染が発見されてから20年以上が経過し,この間各国の大学や研究機関の精力的な調査・研究活動や,政府・援助機関によるヒ素汚染対策の取り組みは進展した.一方,公式認定されたヒ素中毒患者は地下水ヒ素汚染地域内に37,039人確認されており,患者の支援には多くの課題が残されている.2009年から2011年にかけてJICA個別専門家活動の一部として,ヒ素汚染の激しい村を含むバングラデシュ南西部地域(Jessore, Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat県)で,給水施設やヒ素中毒患者の情報収集のための現地調査を実施した.給水施設の設置状況を整理した結果,南西部地域内で政府の安全な水供給の基準(10世帯あたりに1施設)に達しているユニオンは,ほとんどないことが確認された.また,ヒ素中毒患者が多い8村の現地調査の結果から,ほとんどの村でヒ素汚染率が80%を超えていることと,ヒ素中毒患者の発生率が1.5〜5.8%という極めて深刻な現状が確認された.これらの村では,安全な水供給対策は遅れており,ヒ素検査を実施せずに利用されていた多くの井戸からヒ素が検出された.ヒ素汚染対策の遅れの原因としては,直接的には政府によるヒ素汚染問題に対する不適切な計画と実施体制があり,その背景としてヒ素中毒患者の支援や水質情報の利用方法に関する問題などがある.とくに,ヒ素汚染率を村単位で集計することにより,郡またはユニオン単位での現在の情報管理方法に比べて,より効果的な給水事業計画の検討が可能となる.今後は,科学的な給水施設建設計画,患者認定能力の向上,精度の高い水質検査と情報管理などが必要である.

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The mineralogy and chemistry of aquifer sediments of As-contaminated groundwater in Sonargaon, Bangladesh were analyzed to identify the host phases of As and to understand release mechanism of As into the groundwater. Sequential chemical extraction revealed that the As was mostly fixed in silicate(s). Iron oxyhydroxides/oxides were produced via chemical weathering of basic minerals at depths where the redox conditions experience seasonal changes with the groundwater level. The Fe–oxyhydroxides/oxides are not effective adsorbents of dissolved As at that depth. A significant amount of As, together with Si, Al, Mg, and Fe, was extracted by oxidation-decomposition of the silicates during a sequential chemical extraction process, indicating that chemical weathering of As-bearing silicate(s), which mostly occurs under oxic aqueous conditions, results in As dissolution in nature. Since chlorite is the only silicate that includes As in the aquifer sediments (Masuda et al., 2012a), chlorite decomposition in oxic groundwater is the most plausible mechanism of As release into the groundwater from aquifer sediments in the study area.

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This experiment tested the hypothesis that the mere presence of an observer would facilitate performance on simple mazes and hinder performance on complex mazes. Sixty female students traversed either a multiple T-maze or a multiple +-maze either with or without an observer. The factors of maze-type and observer-presence did not interact in a manner consistent with previous researches. On both mazes, the “observed” subject made more errors and needed more trials to reach the criterion than the “alone” subject.

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Since 1980s, elevated concentrations of As in groundwater across southern Asia have been a serious problem for over 100 million villagers relying on inexpensive shallow tubewells. The level of exposure has caused widespread illness including various cancers. Despite the magnitude of the health threat and a decade of research by numerous teams, many of the most basic factors and processes controlling arsenic within deltaic and floodplain aquifer systems remain unresolved. Particular scientific issues are, (i) ultimate source of As, (ii) physico-chemical factors controlling spatial/temporal variations of As, (iii) impact of anthropogenic activities, and so on. The aim of this review is to make clear the controversial issues in this field, and to suggest what issues are needed to clarify in near future. This review is classified into 4 chapters. Geochemical characteristics of As contaminated groundwater in Bengal Basin are firstly overviewed. In the second chapter, experimental studies related to the low temperature geochemistry of As are summarized, e.g., molecular structure analysis, speciation, and water-rock interaction. In the third chapter, previously proposed hypotheses for mechanism of groundwater As contamination are outlined. Considering the background studies, current controversial issues and future prospect are proposed in the final chapter.

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An experiment was conducted to examine the mediating role of physiological arousal in social facilitation. It was hypothesized that the elevation of arousal level by the presence of other persons or evaluative apprehension would facilitate task performance. Twenty-four male and 24 female college students performed simple task alone, with a cooperative person, or with a competitive person. One half of the subjects was given an instruction which would produce evaluative apprehension. Subjects' skin potential responses were measured as the indices of physiological arousal. Although the hypothesis was supported by the analysis of psycho-physiological index, but it was not at all by the self-reported index of arousal.

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