A small in-plane bending fatigue testing machine for in-situ observation of small fatigue crack growth behavior by means of an atomic force microscope (AFM) was successfully developed. The multiple layer piezoelectric ceramics were adopted as an actuator in order to miniaturize the fatigue loading facility operating on the stage of an AFM. Small fatigue crack growth test under constant amplitude loading was then carried out on α-brass and successive observation of small fatigue crack growth behavior was performed by the AFM. The fatigue crack tended to along slip direction with the highest Schmid factor, as the crack driving force of a small crack was not large enough to operate other slip directions with lower Schmid factors simultaneously. Frequent crack branching and deflection behavior were also observed during crack growth. It was considered that the constraint of slip deformation due to the cyclic strain hardening was mainly responsible for crack branching and deflection behavior. The intervals of branching or deflection were affected by the difference of mobility among slip planes.

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A feline T-lymphoblastoid cell line susceptible to feline immunodeficiency viruses (FIV) was established and designated as Yu-1 cells. Yu-1 cells continued to over year with more than 100 successive passages in the presence of human recombinant interleukin-2. Surface antigens of Yu-1 cells were feline Pan-T⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8^-. Susceptibility of Yu-1 cells to FIV strains were higher than that of the primary culture of the feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells, indicating that this cell line should be useful for isolation, propagation, and neutralization test of FIV.

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Using Shibagaki's method of numerical integration, the collection efficiency (the proportion of captured particles) of a circular cylinder is determined theoretically with sufficient accuracy for practical purpose. The obtained values differ considerably from those obtained by F. Albrecht, but nearly coincide with the approximate values computed by the author 9 years ago. The results obtained are applied to the problem of icing on the electric cable, and it is suggested that there is a certain limit to the amount of ice, which will in winter season. The breadth and the density of capture along the surface of a cylinder is also discussed. Finally it is shown that the deviation from Stokes' law arises, when a fog particle approches the cylinder.

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The ALE growth process of ZnTe is investigated with RHEED intensity observation. It is found that when the substrate temperature is sufficiently low, physisorbed Zn and Te adatoms are present on the Zn and Te-coverd surfaces, respectively. The ZnTe layers not less than monolayer during cycle of ALE by the presence of these excess adatoms. Evaporation of the surface atoms occurs during growth suspension. First, the excess adatoms desorb, and then Zn and Te atomic layers sublime with different sublimation time constants. At high temperatures, the layer-by-layer evaporation occurs, as is verified by RHEED intensity oscillation during the sublimation process.

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In an experiment to obtain bacteria-free culture of the marine diatoms, a diatom species, Melosira nummuloides was treated with antibiotics. As C. P. SPENCER (1952) states, a short exposure to the considerable doses of Penicillin and Streptomycin seems to be very effective for this purpose. Bacteria-free culture has continued. Its sterility and normal living of that diatom in such a bacteria-free circumstance were ascertained.

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In order to overcome trial-and-error situation in the enantioseparation by the diastereomeric salt formation, we carried out systematic studies on the enantioseparation of racemic 1-arylethylamines with/without a substituent on the aryl group by using enantiopure arylglycolic acids. The studies revealed that there are three factors for the growth and stabilization of less-soluble diastereomeric salt crystals; 1)infinite hydrogen bonding interaction to form a 2₁-column, which enables a crystal to in dimension, 2)effective van der Waals interaction between the columns to make the crystal growable in a three-dimensional manner, and 3)sufficient CH-π interaction in/between the columns, which also play an important role for three-dimensional crystal growth. On the basis of the observations, we propose molecular length rule and aromatic ring rule, which realize efficient van der Waals interaction and CH-π interaction, respectively.
Keeping in mind of these requirements for the molecular structure of a resolving agent, we industrialized an elegant process for the enantioseparation of racemic 1-phenylethylamine into the (R)-form, which is one of the most valuable chiral auxiliaries in the synthesis of drugs/drug intermediates in industrial scales, with (R)-mandelic acid upon optimizing conditions such as solvent, molar ratio, concentration, temperature, and additive, as well as the recycling process of (R)-mandelic acid and the racemizing process of (S)-1-phenylethylamine remained.

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We examined the fruit productivity of vertically trained watermelon plants, focusing on leaf area, light reception, and field photosynthesis characteristics. We also examined the source–sink relationships of photosynthates during fruit development to characterize fruit productivity in vertical training. Furthermore, the fruit productivities of both the plant and unit land area were compared between vertical training systems and conventional, horizontal training systems. The fruit weight of both types of watermelon plants could be determined by the total leaf area, total solar radiation received, and photosynthetic production per plant. Regardless of the leaf position, most photosynthates of vertically trained watermelon plants during fruit development were distributed to the fruit, meaning the fruit weight could be determined by the above-mentioned factors. Photosynthates for roots were characteristically distributed from leaves on non-fruiting vines in plants with two vines and one fruit, and from limited lower leaves in plants with one vine and fruit respectively. Vertical training of watermelon plants increased the fruit yield per unit land area under higher planting density than horizontal training, with no loss of light-use efficiency.

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A small in-plane bending fatigue testing machine forin-situ observation of small fatigue crack growth behavior by means of an atomic force microscope (AFM) was successfully developed. Laminated piezoelectric ceramics were adopted as an actuator in order to miniaturize the fatigue loading facility operating on the stage of an AFM. Small fatigue crack growth test under constant amplitude loading was then carried out on α-brass and successive observation of small fatigue crack growth behavior was performed by the AFM. The fatigue crack tended to along slip direction with the highest Schmid factor, as the crack driving force of a small crack was not large enough to operate other slip directions with lower Schmid factors simultaneously. Frequent crack branching and kinking behavior were also observed during crack growth. It was considered that the constraint of slip deformation due to the cyclic strain hardening was mainly responsible for crack branching and kinking behavior. The intervals of branching or kinking were affected by the difference of mobility among slip planes.

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Usually the pod of sweet clover, when matured, contains only one seed, while the ovary at its young stage involves several ovules, ranging 2-5. In this experiment, some embryological observations were carried out, using four-ovuled ovaries, on the process of above-mentioned one seed formation and abortion, and the results obtained were summarized as follows : (1) The abortion of ovules is partially due to fertilization failure. Namely, 27.0 % of ovules observed were not fertilized. Out of them ; 22.0 % were abnormal ovules in which the embryo-sac was not normally formed, and the remained 5.0 % were normal but non-fertilized ovules. Therefore, the main cause for non-fertilization is owing to embryo-sac failure. (2) When the ovaries are classified by numbers of fertilized ovules involved, 12.0 % of them contained only one fertilized ovule and these ovaries should into -seeded pods. The remained 88.0 % were the ovaries consisting of more than two fertilized ovules, especially, 38.0 % were the ovaries in which all ovules were fertilized. Nevertheless, when observed on the 10th day after pollination, 97.4 % were the ovaries in which more than two fertilized ovules never developed evenly and all but one were arrested their growth, and consequently they grew into one-seeded pods. (3) The degeneration of fertilized ovules began from about 5th day after pollination, and one-seeded pods were confirmed on about 7th day. (4) As to the position of normal seeds in the pods, there was a marked tendency that the seed-setting increased from the stylar (apical) end toward the basal end of the ovary. So far as this experiment is concerned, 85.7 % were the pods in which either basal or subsequent ovule developed into normal seed.

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Plate-like hydrated cerium phosphate, Ce₂(PO₄)₂HPO₄•H₂O, has attracted attention because of its unique UV-shielding ability with excellent comfort when applied on the skin. Optimization of preparation conditions of hydrated cerium phosphate is required to obtain medium size plate-like particles of 5-50 μm in diameter which provide good comfort for human skin. Plate-like hydrated cerium phosphate, ca 20 μm in diameter, was obtained by the hydrothermal reaction of Ce(SO₄)₂ in H₃PO₄ aqueous solution at 200^oC for 3 h. The sample showed excellent comfort, absorption ability of light less than 450 nm of wavelength and lower oxidation catalytic activity than undoped ceria.

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The discrete dislocation (DD) method is one of the mesoscopic scale computer simulation procedures, which can deal with each dislocation movement in a cracked body. In this paper, the fatigue crack growing under mixed Mode I and II condition with kinking was analyzed by the 2-dimensional DD method. The material analyzed was iron with bcc structure, which has two preferred slip directions inclined ± 54.7° to the direction perpendicular to the loading axis. The fatigue crack was assumed to along of two slip directions in order to simulate the crack growth behavior under mixed mode condition, observed microscopically by an atomic force microscope (AFM). The effect of a grain boundary was also introduced to figure out crack kinking behavior. The crack tip displacement along the crack growth direction, which was defined by the number of dislocations annihilated at the crack tip, was found to become smaller as crack grew due to the constraint of slip deformation by the grain boundary. The crack kinking was assumed to take place when the crack tip displacement along the crack growth direction was exceeded by that along the other slip direction.

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Freezing of extracellular spaces is the first event when plants are exposed to freezing temperatures, but mechanisms of ice nucleation and propagation remain poorly understood. Japanese cold hardy dwarf bamboos in of the northernmost areas of bamboo distribution and are known to employ deep supercooling in most living tissues as the freeze survival strategy. Studies have been performed on mechanisms of their deep supercooling capability. However, little is known about the ice nucleating factors which may initiate freezing at the apoplast of the vascular and epidermal tissues. This study focused on ice nucleation activity (INA) in aploplast extracts from cold hardy bamboo species, Sasa kurilensis, S. nipponica and Sasamorpha borealis. We obtained apoplast extracts from leaf blades and culms and determined their INA following size fractionation using membrane filters. The apoplast extracts from leaf blades and culms had highly extractable and particulate INA (size: 10 kDa<<0.2 μm). INA of substances larger than 300 kDa (<<0.2 μm) were similar to the freeze initiation temperatures of the vascular and epidermal tissues. Results of heat and protease treatments indicated that the major substance(s) responsible for ice nucleation in the apoplast extracts is proteinaceous, irrespective of the seasons, tissues or species.

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Electron-microscopical studies of the inner structure of Paramecium caudatum have been carried out by means of ultra-thin sections. The results of the observations are summarized as follows.
1. Each cilium is provided with a basal granule (kinetosome), but exceptionally two cilia from kinetosome.
2. The cilium has a fibrillar structure, and consists of a bundle of fibrils extending through its full length.
3. The macronucleus is filled with granular or filamentous bodies, with many more minute granules scattered among them. These granules may be found particularly in abundance near the periphery of the nucleus, and show an appearance to be migrating into the cytoplasm through the nuclear membrane.
4. The micronucleus is filled with small granules or filamentous bodies, but large granules like those observed in the macronucleus are missing.
5. A great number of mitochondria-like granules, spherical, oval or filamentous in appearance, are scattered in the cytoplasm. The ectoplasm immediately beneath the pellicle consists of filamentous bodies forming a fibrous layer.
6. The granules have a kind of limiting membrane and some internal structure.
7. Staining reactions of the granules in the fixed as well as in the living materials are identical with those of mitochondria in the cells of higher organisms. Furthermore, the granules isolated by ultra-centrifuge show their intimate relation to the respiratory enzymes. From these facts it may be safely said that the granules are of the same nature as the mitochondria of higher organism.
8. Two types of food vacuoles are present.

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Quantification of belowground plant response via rhizotron root image analysis is difficult and time-consuming, yet a plant's root response is of great interest to many researchers. Here, we present an automated, time efficient method for examining digital rhizotron images. A total of 285 digital images (218 mm by 300 mm) were collected using a flatbed scanner from 16 rhizotron boxes from an experiment designed to evaluate the root response of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller to herbivory by the Dalmatian toadflax stem mining weevil, Mecinus janthinus Germar, a widely used biological control agent. Images were quantified for root length and area using two methods: manually digitizing images using Root Measurement System (RMS) software, and semi-automated analysis using Feature Analyst^TM, an extension for a geographic information system. Feature Analyst length and area values were highly positively correlated with RMS area values, but were not correlated with RMS length measurements. The semi-automated Feature Analyst approach required one-eighth of the time required to analyze images using the manual RMS method. Feature Analyst for digital image analysis warrants more investigation, but appears to be a promising method for quantifying belowground plant characteristics.

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