Stephan Weidinger is currently Professor for Dermatology at the Christian-Albrechts-University as well as Vice-Head of the Department of Dermatology and Allergy at the University Hospital Schleswig-

, Campus Kiel, Germany, where he supervises the general outpatient department as well as the Center for Inflammatory Skin Diseases. In this Center, patients with atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and autoimmune skin diseases are taken care of. He will take over the Chair for Dermatology in Kiel in 2023.

Stephan Weidinger qualified as a physician from the University of Regensburg, Germany, and following this he received his MD and PhD from the Technische Universität in Munich, Germany. He is board qualified for Dermatology and Venereology, Allergology, Andrology, and Tumour Therapy, and he received a Master of Hospital Managemeent (MaHM) from the University Kiel. Prior to his current position, Professor Weidinger held a senior physician position at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technische Universität Munich, where he led the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis outpatient departments. In the following years he was board certified.

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Purpose: The aim of our study was to investigate the technical accuracy of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) created to detect intramammary-like calcifications depending on different TEs, volume, and type of calcification samples at 1.5T.

Methods: Jello-embedded particles of blackboard chalk and ostrich eggshell ranging in size from 4 to 25 mm² were used to simulate intramammary calcifications after testing different base substances and calcifications for their suitability to be used in breast phantoms. Breast phantoms were systematically examined using CT and an optimized 3D multi-echo gradient echo pulse sequence with following parameters: TR/TE, 22/1.88–15.52 ms in 1.24 ms increments; reconstructed voxel, 0.5 × 0.5 × 1.1 mm³; receiver bandwidth, 1120 Hz/Px; flip angle, 15°; integrated parallel imaging technique with a GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partial Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) factor of 2/24; and a total acquisition time of 3:00 min. A qualitative evaluation of the dependence of the visualization of calcification samples on volume and TE value was followed by a calculation of the SNR, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and the creation of SWI and QSM in the sense of a (semi)-quantitative analysis of the images.

Results: Jello proved to be a suitable base substance for preparing breast phantoms for SW MRI. Blackboard chalk and ostrich eggshell proved to be suitable for mimicking intramammary-like calcifications. The decrease in the median SNR of the blackboard chalk samples was significantly higher than the corresponding value of the ostrich eggshell samples over the entire TE range (47.5 to 17.0 vs. 16.0 to 6.56, P < 0.0001). The increase in the median CNR of the blackboard chalk samples was significantly higher than the corresponding value of the ostrich eggshell samples over the entire TE range (2.46 to 35.0 vs. 20.2 to 36.8, P = 0.007). With increasing TE value, the signal void volume of the calcification particle increases in the magnitude images as well as in SWI and QSM. Due to the blooming effect, the median gradients of the TE-based changes in signal void volumes were higher in SWI than in magnitude images and in QSM, regardless of the type of calcification particle examined. The maximum magnetic susceptibility of ostrich eggshell samples varied in a TE range of 1.88 to 15.52 ms from −7.2 to −2.51 ppm and that of blackboard chalk from −2.0 to −1.7 ppm. Compared to the manually measured volumes of the calcification particles, both MR-based measurements and CT examinations overestimated the actual sample size. The (non)-significant overestimation in the MRI-data is dependent on the set TE. The CT-based hyperdense volumes were overestimated compared to the corresponding manually measured sample volumes in a range of 109.8%–315.2% for ostrich eggshell samples (P = 0.016) and in a range of 39.9%–156.4% for blackboard chalk samples (P = 0.69).

Conclusion: Our systematic in-vitro investigation of magnitude images, SWI, and QSM revealed that various set TE values, different volumes, and compositions of calcifications have a significant impact on visualizing intramammary(-like) calcifications.

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Purpose: The ability to accurately detect and characterize intramammary micro- and macrocalcifications without ionized radiation has significant clinical implications for early breast cancer assessment. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the feasibility of detecting intramammary calcifications using 3D multi-echo gradient echo (ME-GRE) magnitude and true susceptibility-weighted images (tSWI) compared to digital mammography (DM) in patients with different breast sizes and densities of breast parenchyma at 1.5T.

Methods: Two board-certified radiologists evaluated digital mammograms of 70 patients and compared them to the corresponding SW-based images concerning detection of intramammary calcifications and determination of their sizes. The clinical performance of both SW-based techniques in accurately detecting and assessing intramammary calcifications was determined. In addition an interobserver agreement was performed.

Results: Compared to DM, visualization of calcification lesions using both SW-based techniques is influenced by: 1) Morphology (shape and homogeneity) of calcifications; 2) Spatial arrangement of calcifications. Closely adjacent calcifications may not be distinguishable in the SW-based images as individual lesions. Overlapping susceptibility effects resulted in a single, larger lesion; 3) The (in-phase or out-of-phase cycle) echo time value selected in the imaging protocol plays a crucial role in visualizing the lesions; and 4) Lesion size was overestimated by up to 2.0 mm when comparing SW-based techniques to DM. An almost perfect interobserver agreement was found for the analysis. Microcalcifications could not be visualized. A sensitivity of 13.0% and specificity of 99.7% for the diagnosis of macrocalcifications could be provided with both SW-based techniques.

Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potentials and limitations of SW-based techniques at 1.5 T for characterizing intramammary micro- and macrocalcifications. The high specificity of SW-based techniques in combination with higher magnetic field strengths could revolutionize breast cancer screening and management.

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乳用種雄去勢牛の肥育方式の改善を図る目的で計画された,「放牧加味育成による肥育方式」による赤味牛肉の食味について,調理学的見地より,官能検査を中心に検討を加えた。その結果,以下のような知見が得られた。
(1) テクスチュロメーターによる硬さの測定では,内もも,サーロインの生肉では,120日と180日肥育の間に1%危険率で180日肥育の方が有意に軟らかかった。しかし,加熱肉については,差がみられなかった。
(2) テクスチュロメーターによる多汁性の測定では,内もも,サーロインの生肉ともに, 120日と180日肥育の間,および180日と240日肥育の間に1%危険率で有意差が認められ, 120日肥育が最も多かった。また,加熱肉については, 10秒および20秒間で焼いたもののいずれにおいても, 120日と180日, 180日と240日肥育の間に有意差がみられ, 180日肥育のものが少なかった。
(3) 食味については,官能検査の結果は,肥育期間には差がみられなかった。さらに,今回実験に用いた赤身肉は,一般的に,普通とされる肉と同じか,あるいはそれよりやや低いという評価であった。
これらの結果から,放牧加味育成方式によっても乳用種牛の食味はあまり影響を与えられないものと考える。

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The thermoregulatory responses of heifers of and crossed with Japanese Black Cattle were compared in order to explain breed differences in terms of thermosensitivity. The heifers were exposed to environmental temperatures (Te) of 23,28,33 and 38 PC under controlled conditions of heat production (HP) from ingested feed both during the day and during the night. HP was greater in than in cross bred heifers both during the day and night. Against increased Te, the vaginal temperature (Tv), mean skin temperature (mTs), mean body temperature (Tb), respiration rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and standing time (ST) increased significantly (P<0.05) during the day and/or night. During the night, against Te the Tv, Tb and ST of heifers was significantly greater than that of cross bred heifers. These differences between breeds were explained using thermosensitivity as was done in an earlier study. Thermosensitivity was greater in cross bred than in heifers and during the day than during the night, because in cross bred heifers at high Te and during the day, heat balance was maintained at a lower body temperature than in and during the night. These breed and day-night differences in thermosensitivity are important in breed selection and thermal management in warm and hot conditions. Jpn. J. Livest. Management, 33(1) : 9-15. 1997. Received January 16,1997. Accepted March 17,1997.

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ウシはヒトの感染症と大変に類似した感染症を発症することから, 感染症のモデル動物としての可能性も指摘されている. ウシ主要組織適合抗原(BoLA)をはじめとした反芻動物のMHC領域はヒトやマウスと同様にクラスI, クラスIIおよびクラスIII領域が存在し, その領域を構成する遺伝子も保存されている. 一方でBoLA領域には興味深い特徴として, クラスIIがIIaとIIbの二つの領域に大きく分断されていることが挙げられる. クラスIIaにはDR, DQ等の古典的クラスII分子をコードする遺伝子が, IIbには非古典的クラスII分子やTAR, LMPといった細胞内での抗原提示機構を担う分子が集まっている. また, ウシクラスIIの特徴として, ヒトやマウスとは異なりDP分子が存在しないこと, および反芻動物に特異的に存在が認められるDY分子が存在する事などがある. このBoLAのアリル頻度はウシ品種ごとに大きく異なっていることを示し, さらにウシと他の動物種との比較した結果, BoLAは特に強い正の選択圧を受けていることが示唆された. BoLAと疾患との相関は様々な感染症において指摘されているが, 地方病性牛白血病および乳房炎については両者ともBoLA-DRB3およびDQA1のハプロタイプが疾患感受性とよく相関していることが見いだされた.

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In the 9th century the Danes built a rampart called “Danevirke” in the South of Slesvig aiming to prevent the Saxons and the Wends from invading their land. It had a great deal effect as “Limes” owing to existence of an uninhabited foreland (frontier) between Danevirke and the Ejder. But in time Danevirke lost its first meaning in history. The biggest reason of abolishment of its function as Limes is that the Danes allowed immigration from into the foreland in the 13th century, which means the first tendence of “Schleswig-” s fatal partnership.
Though Slesvig's Dane had long been without the spirit of Danevirke's construction, they found themselves “the Danes” again in the wave of liberalism and nationalism in the 19th century. They used the word “Dannevirke” in their nationalism “for being Danish” in Slesvig. They and the Danes in the Kingdom eagered to build a Danish national-state aiming to separate from the Danish “Helstat, ” -it caused two wars (1848-50, 1864).
In course of Danish modern history we can often see the word “Danevirke, ” which was vivid as a symbol of Danish nationalism.

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反すう家畜の採食行動に及ぼす飼料給与順序の影響を明らかにするため、各飼料給与時に観察された採食期(採食開始から終了まで)を採食期継続時間により分類し、採食を継続する確率および採食期回数から検討した。供試動物にはホルスタイン種去勢牛8頭を用いた。給与した飼料は、ペレット状配合飼料と細切2番刈乾草である。これら2種類の飼料の給与順序を変え、先に給与した場合(先給与)と後に給与した場合(後給与)の各飼料の採食量、採食時間、採食期回数および採食を継続する確率を比較した。1日当り採食量および採食時間は乾草において先給与の方が後給与より有意(P<0.05)に多かった。しかし、配合飼料では差は認められなかった。両飼料の採食期とも採食継続時間の分布から、採食を継続する確率の異なる4分以下の採食期(タイプA)と4分を超える採食期(タイプB)に分類された。タイプAの採食を継続する確率は、乾草での先給与の方が、配合飼料では後給与の方が高かった(P<0.05)。これに対し、タイプBの採食を継続する確率は、いずれの飼料においても先給与の方が後給与より有意(P<0.05)に高かった。各タイプの採食期回数は、乾草のタイプBでのみ有意差(P<0.05)がみられた。また、各採食期より求めた採食時間においても、乾草のタイプBのみで給与順序による差が認められた(P<0.05)。 日本家畜管理研究会誌、26(3) : 75-81.1991 1990年2月10日受理

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Four female cattle (, average body weight (BW) 359 kg), four castrated male native cattle (Native, 257 kg) and four castrated male swamp buffaloes (Buffalo, 543 kg) were subjected to urea space measurements to determine body composition of the different animals and to investigate the effect of 48 h of water deprivation on the change of body composition in Northeast Thailand. The percentage of empty body protein (EBPRO) compared to empty body weight (EBW) was similar among , Native and Buffalo. The percentage of empty body water (EBH₂O) was the highest in Native, while the percentage of empty body fat (EBFAT) was the highest in Buffalo. After the dehydration, mean BW decreased in , Native and Buffalo, and not only water but also protein and fat were mobilized. The percentage of EBPRO was similar among , Native and Buffalo; however, the percentage of EBFAT was the highest in Buffalo and the percentage of EBH₂O was the highest in Native. After dehydration, the percentage of EBFAT decreased and the percentage of EBH₂O increased in all animals.

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静脈内投与した¹³¹Iの乳汁への分泌ならびに乳における分布について検討した。乳牛としてはホルシュタイン牛2頭を用い, Na¹³¹Iを静脈内に1回投与した。投与後6日間に, 乳中に分泌された¹³¹Iの量は, 投与量のそれぞれ26%および61%であった。乳中に分泌された¹³¹Iのうち約2%が脂肪区分に, 約20%がタンパク区分に見出された。牛乳中の¹³¹Iの分布状態については, 投与後の経時的規則的変動は見出されなかった。本実験により, Glascockの仮説が支持され, 著者らが以前本紙に投稿した牛乳中の¹³¹Iの迅速定量法が, 実用に供しうることが判明した。

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Fat depot-specific differences in adipose tissue growth (adipogenesis) are an important factor in the production of beef cattle. Japanese black (Wagyu) cattle are characterized by high adipogenic ability. This review will discuss fat depot-specific differences in adipogenesis among subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular depots of fattening Wagyu based on our previous studies. We show that anatomical sites of adipose tissue affect adipocyte size. We also show that fat depot-specific differences in adipogenesis are affected by the expression of adipogenic transcription factors. In addition, we show that fat depot-specific differences in adipokine gene expression are affected by adipocyte size. Furthermore, we show that macrophages infiltrate into adipose tissues in a fat depot-specific manner. These results suggest that fat depot-specific differences in adipogenesis affect body fat distribution in fattening Wagyu.

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輸換放牧しているヘレフォード種雌および去勢牛、32頭(12〜15ヵ月齢)及び18頭(9〜、12ヵ月齢)を、それぞれ地形の複雑な0.27ha/頭および比較的平坦な0.12ha/頭の放牧地に入れ、両群に日中12時間放牧していたホルスタイン種育成雌牛(5〜14ヵ月齢)を各5頭ずつ加えて37頭群および23頭群とした。入牧直後より両群について1、3、5、7日目に24時問の行動観察を行い、15分間隔で採草行動を記録したほか、群内でみられた敵対行動を日中12時間観察記録した。37群では観察第1日目に導入したホルスタイン種がサブグループ化する傾向が見られ、採草時間も導入牛が長かったが、3日目には一群となって行動し、採草時間の差も小さくなった。群内の敵対行動数は37群では3日目に高く以後低い値を示したが、23群では1日目に高く、3日目以降は低い値であった。両群とも導入したホルスタイン種育成牛の社会的位置は低かった。敵対行動の内、群内の社会的安定度を示す非物理的敵対行動の割合では、37群では3、5、7日目とその割合が高くなるのに対して、23群では低い割合で推移した。すなわち、群構成頭数が大きくとも面積が広く地形の複雑な牧区で新たな個体を加えた37群では、社会行動の変化は比較的緩やかだか、形成された社会構造は比較的安定していた。日本家畜管理研究会誌、30(2) : 63-68.1994.1994年7月18日受理

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In order to better understand the character of thermoregulation in cattle, the variation of thermoregulatory responses during each of 4 phases; day, evening, night and morning were studied in four heifers (two and two and Japanese black cattle crossbred) that were exposed to environmental temperatures (Te) of 23 and 33℃ for 4 hours. One quarter of the daily feed ration was offered at 6 hr intervals to standardize heat production from feed ingestion. The rate of metabolic heat production (HP) was similar among the different phases of day and between the two groups of heifers. In spite of individual differences, a diurnal rhythm in vaginal temperature (Tv) and mean body temperature (Tb) both in and crossbred heifers at 23 and 33 PC was observed. However, a clear diurnal rhythm in mean skin temperature (mTs), respiration rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) could not be discerned. At 33℃ the level of Tb, Tv, mTS and RR was greater than that at 23℃ and the level of Tv and Th of Holsteins was greater than that of crossbred heifers. The results could be explained by using the concept of thermosensitivity. In the rhythm of Tv and Th, thermosensitivity was greater during the morning or day than the evening or night phase. Under high Te, increased thermosensitivity with an increased level of Th was necessary for the maintenance of heat loss. The different responses of the two groups against Te were related to differences in thermosensitivity. In this study, differences in thermoregulatory responses among phases of day, against Te and between breeds were observed, but the statistical evidence could not be shown. Jpn. J. Livest. Management, 32(3) : 83-89,1997. Received December 16,1996. Accepted February 12,1997.

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日本人の構築主義者による二つの研究を出発点として, この論文はどのように「コンテクスト」の特徴を社会問題の社会的構築の議論へ取り入れるかという問題を提起する.経験的に実行可能で理論的に一貫性したアプローチを求めて, われわれは, フーコーによるdiscourse-in-practiceの分析とエスノメソドロジーによるdiscursive practiceへの関心から導き出される, 社会問題の解釈的分析学を提起する.この分析学は, 分析的かっこ入れ-解釈実践の「何」と「どのように」の両者をめざす方法論的かつ分析的な手続き-という方法によってこれらの並存するアプローチを往復する手段を提供する.これは, discouse-in-practiceとdiscursive practiceのリフレクシヴな相互作用を強調することによって盲目的な選択的相対主義とコンテクストの物象化を未然に防止する.

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The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of cattle is known as BoLA and located on chromosome 23. It was found that BoLA shows significant differences in genome organization with human MHC but shares similar protein structures and functions. Among the entire BoLA class II subregion, BoLA-DRB3 is the most polymorphic and functional gene that has been intensively studied its correlation with various cattle infection diseases and economic traits. In particularly, BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism has been linked to resistance or susceptibility of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection outcome, transmission and disease progression. BLV leads to enzootic bovine leucosis which is the most common neoplastic disease in cattle and leads to severe financial loss in industry worldwide. As a result, genetic selection of BLV-resistant animals, as well as the preferential culling of BLV-susceptible animals, based on BolA-DRB3 polymorphism, serves as a promising strategy for the control of BLV spreading and disease risk estimation, especially in the time there are no vaccines and treatment available. In this review, we outline the BoLA system in protein and genetic levels and focus particularly on the literatures of association between BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism with BLV.

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Recipient selection based on corpus luteum (CL) function is important for the success of embryo transfer (ET) in cattle. In this study, we evaluated the value of the parameters of luteal blood flow on the day of ET as a means of recipient selection in lactating dairy cows. The parameters of luteal blood flow [blood flow area (BFA) and blood perfusion (BP)], and CL size [luteal diameter, luteal area and luteal tissue area] and peripheral plasma progesterone (P₄) concentrations were evaluated at immediately before ET (n = 25) then cows were transferred embryos. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that BFA and BP were effective to predict pregnancy and their AUCs (AUC > 0.70) were similar (P > 0.1). Pregnancy rates of high BFA (BFA ≥ 0.93 cm², n = 9) or BP (BP ≥ 26.0%, n = 12) groups was higher than that of low groups (BFA: 66.7% vs. 12.5%, BP: 50.0% vs. 15.4%). There was no correlation between plasma P₄ concentrations and luteal blood flow. The proportions of cows classified high group were different between cows with a large CL (luteal diameter ≥ 2.0 cm, n = 15) and those with a small CL (n = 10) in BFA (53.3% vs. 10.0%, P < 0.05) while similar between them in BP (46.7% vs. 50.0%). In conclusion, although BFA and BP are independent on the peripheral plasma P₄ concentration, they serve as indicators of fertility. The accuracy of predicting pregnancy might be similar, but the characteristic of recipient selection may be different between the two indicators.

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The expression of Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G(IgG) and concanavalin A (con A)-binding receptors, luminol-dependent chemiluminescent (LDCL) responses, and the effect of anti-bovine IgG on LDCL responses were evaluated in neutrophils from calves with leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD). Neutrophils from affected calves showed a 2.1- to 2.5-fold increase in Fc receptor expression compared with those of control calves by flow cytometric analysis. Con A-binding activities of neutrophils from affected calves were similar to those of control calves. Neutrophils from a calf with BLAD, when stimulated with zymosan opsonized with bovine serum (OPZ), heat-aggregated bovine IgG (Agg-bovine IgG), sheep red blood cells (SRBC) sensitized with anti-SRBC antibody (SRBC-anti-SRBC Ab), or con A had LDCL responses of 36 (P<0.05), 77, 126 and 119% of peak LDCL values of controls, respectively. The NBT reducing value of neutrophils from a calf with BLAD when stimulated with Agg-bovine IgG after pretreatment with anti-bovine IgG was 116.5% of the values of neutrophils from control calves, but the difference was not significant. The LDCL responses of neutrophils from a control calf and a calf with BLAD stimulated with OPZ were inhibited markedly by pre-incubation with anti-bovine IgG antiserum at concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 or 40μg/ml. Although an increase in Fc receptor expression on neutrophils from calves with BLAD was observed, the LDCL responses stimulated with SRBC-anti-SRBC Ab and NBT-reducing activity stimulated with Agg-bovine IgG after pretreatment with anti-bovine IgG did not correlate significantly with the increased Fc receptor expression. These results support that neutrophil functions mediated by the Fc receptors are associated synergistically with the presence of the complement receptor type 3 (CR3)(CD11b/CD18).

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A histochemical studies clarified the peripheral distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the human male genital organs. In the human testis, there was a minimal distribu-tion of catecholamine fluorescent fibers and acetylcholinesterase positive fibers around the blood vessels and in the interstitium. In the epididymis and the vas deferens, both nerve fibers were abundant in the muscle layer and interstitium. However, no difference in the distribution of these nerve fibers was noted accord-ing to the anatomical site of these organs. In the prostate, acetylcholinesterase positive fibers were abundant; but catecholamine fluorescent fibers were relatively few, and found in the interstitium and the muscle layer. These two types of nerve fibers were not found in the epithelial cell layer of the organs.

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