According to the dieselization programs of national railway, the utilization of emission spectrographic analysis of used crankcase oils has been found to have practical use in the prevention of destructive engine failure.
The technique consists of determining the trace concentrations of certain wear in samples of used oils taken from the engine crankcases at regular intervals.
Excellent detectability is achieved by the use of rotating disc electrode method and uni-directional high voltage spark excitation.

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Ti，Al，FeおよびSn等の金属と6-(3-トリエトキシシリルプロピルアミノ)-1,3,5-トリアジン-2,4-ジチオールモノナトリウム塩（TES）のエトキシシリル基およびチオール基の反応が研究された。金属の種類と加熱温度はイオン化傾向と関係して，エトキシシリル基とチオール基の反応の種類に影響した。エトキシシリル基はイオン化傾向列の大きいレベル，中間レベルおよび小レベルの3タイプすべてと反応した。チオール基はスズ酸化フイルムと反応してSn-S結合を生成した。FeとSnは空気中でチオール基が酸化してSS結合を生成した。使用された金属すべてについて，SO_X基が観察された。

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In this study, we characterized the optical and electric properties of direct-patternable SnO₂ films with embedded Ag nanorods/nanowires prepared by photochemical metal-organic deposition using photosensitive precursors. SnO₂ films showed a random orientation of growth independent on the presence of Ag nanorods/nanowires and annealing temperature. The values for sheet resistance and average transmittance of the SnO₂ films with and without Ag nanorods/nanowires after annealing at 600°C were 6 kΩ/square and 82.2%, and 418 kΩ/square and 87.2%, respectively. Due to the incorporation of Ag nanorods/nanowires into the SnO₂ films, the sheet resistance was remarkably improved, but the optical transmittance was slightly decreased. These results and the direct-patternability of photochemical deposition suggest that SnO₂ films with embedded Ag nanorods/nanowires could easily be used in transparent electrodes, eliminating the need for high cost processes such as dry etching.

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ヒ素を濃縮することを目的に，ポリアミノポリカルボン酸型（PAPC型）キレート樹脂に酸化ジルコニウム（Ⅳ）を担持し固相抽出を試みた．酸化ジルコニウム（Ⅳ）担持したPAPC型キレート樹脂固相抽出カラムを用いると，ヒ素（Ⅲ）はpH 7.5 ～ 8.5の間で，ヒ素（Ⅴ）ではpH 2～8.5の間で捕捉率90％以上となった．固相抽出カラムに捕捉されたヒ素は0.1 M水酸化ナトリウムで容易に溶出でき，電気加熱原子吸光により測定できた．有機ヒ素化合物としてモノメチルアルソン酸（MMA），ジメチルアルシン酸（DMA），トリメチルアルシンオキサイド（TMAO），アルセノベタイン（AB），アルセノコリン（AC）の5種類について捕捉率を検討したところ，MMA以外の捕捉率は低かった．低圧水銀ランプを用い有機ヒ素化合物の光分解を行ったところ，5種類すべてについて捕捉できた．光分解を行った河川水・海水標準試料に本法の適用が可能であった．

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Cervical foraminotomies are performed from the fifth to the eighth cervical nerve roots on both sides. On the side with more marked radiculopathies the laminae are osteotomized to the full extent, but not so completely on the other side. The mass of laminae from C-3 to C-7 is lifted up using the incompletely severed side of the laminae as the fulcrum. The removed spinous processes of C-6 and C-7 are adjusted and fixed between the articular joints and the lifted laminae from C-4 to C-6. This procedure prevents extradural scar formation, there are no complications caused by foreign bodies, postoperative neuroimaging is possible because no metallic artifact is formed, and extensive decompression is achieved for the cervical cord and nerve roots.

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海洋の微量元素は，海洋生物の微量栄養塩，現代海洋のトレーサー，古海洋研究のプロキシ（代替指標）としてきわめて重要である。しかし，海洋の微量元素は，濃度が低い，共存物質が測定を妨害する，採水から測定までの間に目的元素が汚染混入するなどの理由により分析が難しかった。著者は，簡便かつ精確な新しい分析法を開発し，それらを海洋研究に応用してきた。本稿では，以下の二つの内容について詳しく述べる。(1) 海水中アルミニウム，マンガン，鉄，コバルト，ニッケル，銅，亜鉛，カドミウム，鉛の多元素分析法の開発とその応用。(2) 海水中銅安定同位体比分析法の開発とその応用。これらの方法は，新しいキレート樹脂NOBIAS Chelate-PA1と誘導結合プラズマ質量分析法（ICP-MS）に基づいている。その分析結果の精確さは，国際共同観測計画GEOTRACESの相互較正などを通して確証された。さまざまな元素の濃度比，および濃度と安定同位体比の情報が利用できるようになり，海洋の生物地球化学サイクルに関する理解がますます深まりつつある。

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In spectrochemical analysis of steels, the effect of coexisting elements, carbon in particular, has become a subject of discussion. R. Bartel and A. Goldblatt reported that the elimination of metallurgical effect of carbon content by critically damped discharge was due to the formation of graphite deposit on the sample electrode.
By using Applied Research Laboratories 1.5 m Industrial Research Quantometer, low alloy steel, spring steel and cast iron of known chemical composition are excited with low voltage spark discharge (C=12μF, L =50μH, R=5.Ω, V= 940V) and high voltage spark discharges (C=0. 007μF, L=0, R =residual, V=15 kV and C=0.007μF, L=410μH, R=residual, V=15 kV). Graphite, copper and magnesium are used as the counter electrode to examine its effect. Working curves for silicon, manganese, copper, nickel and chromium are obtained by using low alloy steel, spring steel and cast iron, and are examined whether they fall on a single curve.
It is found that the results of R. Bartel and A. Goldblatt are not always correct; working curves for chromium in low alloy steel, spring steel and cast iron fall on a single curve under all excitation conditions.

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It has been reported so far there is size dependence of mechanical properties in metals at the microscale. However, conventional elasto-plasticity theories do not represent any size dependence predicted from dislocation theory. In this study, we analyzed three dimensional nonuniform plastic deformation problem using a phenomenological higher-order strain gradient plasticity theory in which a yield function is considered as an additional governing partial differential equation. Specifically, we compared solutions of conventional elasto-plasticity theory and higher-order strain gradient plasticity theory for thin plate uniaxial tension. It is confirmed that deformation behavior that does not depend on number of element divisions is predicted by the higher-order strain gradient plasticity theory. Besides, a new algorithm of the higher-order strain gradient plasticity computations in which violation of the yield condition is automatically corrected without iterative calculation is proposed.

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To quantify metals in biological samples, we tried to find good conditions for wet-digested mineralization of the samples and for separation of metal ions in chromatography. A 500μl volume of aliquot was transferred to a glass tube, and was evapolated at 100°C for 2 hours. A 5.5 ml volume of a mixture of concentrated nitric acid-70 % perchloric acid (10 : 1, v/v) was added and heated, consecutively, at 80°C for 12 hours, at 140°C for 2 hours, at 180°C for 2 hours, and finally at 190°C for 1 hour to evapolate the residual acids. After addition of 500 μl of 10 mM nitric acid, the metals were extracted by a suspension mixer (32 r.p.m., 1 hour). One hundred μl of the extracted solution was applied to the chromatographic system : cation-exchange column, TSKgel IC-Cation SW (Tosoh Co.) ; eluent, 0.35 M lactic acid-0.35 M sodium lactate (pH 3.0) ; flow rate, 0.7 ml/minute ; column temperature, 30°C. After adding a color-forming reagent (100 mg/l 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol in 40 g/l Na₂CO₃ ; flow rate, 0.7ml/minuie) to the effluent, five different metal ions of Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were detected at 520 nm. The peaks were separated in approximately 25 minutes, and were quantified even at the 1-10 ppb levels. The present procedures were considered to provide simultaneous detection and accurate quantitation of the above five metals in the biological samples.

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Factors influencing formability in pure stretch-forming, combined-forming and deep-drawing are discussed from a new standpoint, that is, the formability assessment based on the components of the forming depth and the fracture mode. In pure stretch-forming, it is confirmed experimentally and by numerical analysis that the forming depth is markedly correlated to n-value, but little to r-value, although this depth attains a maximum at r=1.0∼1.5. In case a punch profile fracture occurs in combined-forming, the relative load-carrying capacity T_cr/(A_o*S_T) has a proportional relation with both the stretched-out and -in components, which are newly defined in the present investigation, and thus with the forming depth which equals the sum of the components. From considerations of this parameter T_cr/(A_o*S_T), a simple method to predict the limiting drawing ratio and the forming depth at the ratio is proposed.

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In the initial period of steel production with nitrogen as an alloy addition, from among the three thermodynamic factors, i.e. chemical composition, temperature and pressure, use was made of the first and the second factor only. Consideration given to the third factor created conditions for the realization of the “old” idea of steel ennoblement using nitrogen. An experimental setup for the investigation of the equilibrium state of chemical reactions in the gaseous phase–liquid metal system in the pressure range from 0.001 to 3.2 MPa and at temperatures not exceeding 2423 K has been constructed and is presented in this paper. This setup relies on the levitation metal melting technique, whereby the ceramic crucible is eliminated and does not take part in the reaction phenomena. Intensive induction mixing of the liquid metal and the rapid cooling of samples in the experiment period provide the reproducibility of a given state through chemical analysis of the frozen samples of metal. The solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron, chromium, nickel, cobalt, vanadium and iron alloys in the pressure range 0.001 to 3.2 MPa at various temperatures, was determined. The determined characteristics made it possible to develop a thermodynamic model describing the solubility of nitrogen, temperature and chemical composition in a wide range of variation of these factors. The established nitrogen–nitrogen interaction reduces the effectiveness of nitrogen introduced to the liquid steel.

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Since 1983 I have developed analytical methods for trace metals in the hydrosphere, such as multielemental determination, stable isotope ratio analysis, and speciation, and applied them to marine geochemical study. Recently, I have advanced discussion by using stoichiometry and stable isotope ratios of trace metals. Here I describe two examples.

We have observed full depth sectional distributions of Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the North Pacific Ocean. Although Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd were classified as nutrient type elements based on vertical profiles in textbooks, they have distinct sectional distributions. We analyzed the dissolved metal to phosphate ratio (dM/PO₄) and the enrichment factor of dM (EF(dM)=(dM/dAl)/(M/Al)_crust), concluding that the distinct distributions are caused by scavenging. The effect of scavenging increases in the order of Cd<Ni, Zn<Cu. In addition, we found that δCu in deep water increases with the apparent oxygen utilization, while δCd in deep water is almost constant. These results suggest that the light isotope of Cu is preferentially scavenged from deep water as deep water becomes old. Thus, the independent data of stoichiometry and stable isotope ratios support the scavenging hypothesis.

We found the dMo/dW ratio in seawater is approximately 2000, although Mo and W have similar crustal abundances. This is attributed to the difference in distribution ratios of Mo and W to Fe–Mn oxides from seawater. Recently, we determined δMo and δW in seawater. The differences in δMo and δW between seawater and Fe–Mn oxides are consistent with those observed in laboratory experiments. Again, the independent data of stoichiometry and stable isotope ratios support that the distribution onto Fe–Mn oxides has dominant effects on dMo and dW in seawater.

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イミノ二酢酸基とアミノ基とが固定化されたキレート樹脂，InertSep ME-2の能力について検討した．このキレート樹脂による21元素の固相抽出挙動は，Nobias Chelate PA-1，Presep PolyChelateおよびカルボキシメチル化ポリエチレンイミン導入樹脂による挙動と類似しており，Mg，CaおよびSrは酸性から中性ではほとんど抽出されず，Cd，Co，Cu，Fe，Mo，Ni，Pb，V，Znなどの元素は広いpH範囲で回収可能であった．このような元素捕捉選択性は，元素捕捉基として働くIDA基，元素反発基として機能するプロトン化したアミノ基の両者がInertSep ME-2に存在するためであると考えられる．一方，試料溶液を通液する流量において，少なくとも30 mL/minまでは抽出率に有意な変化は認められなかった．この元素捕捉迅速性は，高架橋度で多孔性の親水性メタクリレート樹脂を基材樹脂として使用していることが一因であると考えられる．InertSep ME-2は，人工海水および認証標準物質（EnviroMAT Ground Water ES-L-1，Waste Water EU-L-3）中の微量元素を効率よく分離することが可能であった．

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　重金属の水生生物に対する生物利用性と毒性は水中での金属の存在形態に依存する。そこで，薄膜拡散勾配(DGT)法と化学平衡モデルを用いて国内の河川水中におけるニッケル，銅，亜鉛の化学種の分別(スペシエーション)を行った。具体的な方法として，市販されている標準のDGTサンプラーを河川水中に約24時間沈めて，速度論的にlabileな(生物利用可能な)金属を捕集し濃度を分析した。また，フミン物質と金属の結合モデルを組み込んだ化学平衡計算ソフトであるVisual MINTEQを用いて，pH，硬度，溶存有機物濃度などの水質パラメータから生物利用可能な無機態の金属濃度を推定した。結果として，実測したlabileなニッケル濃度の存在割合は高い地点と低い地点があり，これは全地点でほとんどが無機態として存在するというMINTEQによる推定結果との違いがみられた。実測したlabileな銅濃度の存在割合は全地点で低く，MINTEQによる推定結果と一致した。実測と推定の両方で亜鉛はほとんどが生物利用可能態として存在するという結果となった。実測値と推定値の違いが大きい地点では下水処理水中に含まれるEDTAなどの合成キレート物質の影響が示唆された。

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The vertical distributions of seven dissolved trace metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) in seawater were investigated in Mikawa Bay of central Japan. We collected seawater samples two times in summer, 2012, when a hypoxic layer developed at the bottom, and analyzed them by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) following filtration through a 0.45-μm membrane filter and pre-concentration using a chelating resin column. Different distribution patterns are observed in the vertical profiles of the analyzed metals in spite of the shallow water depth up to 14 m. Firstly, Mn, Fe and Co showed high concentrations at the lower hypoxic layer. It is very likely that Mn and Fe oxides in sediments dissolved into seawater under reducing environment. At the same time, Co adsorbed onto Mn/Fe oxides may also have been released into water column. The maximum Mn concentration reached 565 nmol/kg at the hypoxic layer. This value exceeded predicted no-effect concentration of Mn²⁺ for marine biota (496 nmol/kg) defined by Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Secondly, Cu, Cd and Zn concentrations decreased with increasing water depth like scavenged-type distribution although they are normally observed as recycled-type in open ocean and Suruga Bay, another bay in central Japan. These metals had negative correlations with salinity, suggesting that their distributions were regulated by dilution with open seawater. Moreover, sediments might uptake these metals under reducing condition. Surprisingly, Cd depleted in all the layers; its concentration was quite low (0.030 nmol/kg on average) compared with other bays and North Pacific Ocean. Lastly, Ni showed more complex pattern similar both to Mn and Cu depending on sampling stations and times. In this research, we could make it clear that DO in seawater and inflowing river water are important factors to control the distribution of the seven bioactive trace elements. Given that whole of the area is photic in shallow Mikawa Bay, where phytoplankton grows from the surface to the bottom, hypoxia here will directly influence primary production and marine biota in terms of rich in or lack of the bioactive trace elements as well as a shortage of oxygen.

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