2007年新潟県中越沖地震を対象として, 震度6弱以上を記録した全ての強震観測点と5強を記録した一部の強震観測点周辺の被害調査を行った. 震度6強を記録した6観測点のうちK-NET柏崎, 柏崎市中央町震度計周辺では, 木造建物全壊率が5～7%程度, 柏崎市西山町, 刈羽村割町震度計周辺でも全壊した木造建物, 倉庫が見られたが, 長岡市小国町, 飯綱町芋川震度計周辺では建物の大きな被害はなかった. 震度6弱を記録した観測点周辺でも, 大きな被害はなかった. 観測された強震記録の性質と被害との対応について検討した結果, 周辺で大きな被害が生じたK-NET柏崎, 柏崎市中央町震度計, 刈羽村割町震度計では, 2～2.5秒というやや長い周期が卓越すると同時に, 建物の大きな被害と相関をもつ1-2秒応答も大きく, これが大きな被害に結びついたと考えられる.その一方で, 震度6強を記録した長岡市小国町, 飯綱町芋川震度計も含めて, 1秒以下の短周期が卓越したその他の強震観測点では, 建物の大きな被害と相関をもつ1-2秒応答は小さい地震動で, 周辺にも大きな被害は見られなかった.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify how Japanese frozen food firms restructure their production facilities in China. This mechanism represents the restructuring of food production areas in China under the food security and safety issues in recent years. The results of this analysis are summarized as follows:

In China, the number of direct investments by Japanese food firms has increased significantly since the 1990s. Prior to this, Japanese food firms had concentrated their investments in the areas close to Japan, in particular Shandong and Liaoning Provinces. However, in recent years, some of these firms have dispersed investments to the southern part of China, in particular to Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces. Moreover, some of these firms are investing in new facilities for selling products in the Chinese market. There are a variety of the locational strategies taken by Japanese food firms.

The locational strategies used by Japanese frozen food firms were examined through the cases of two typical firms (Companies K and L). The contrast in these two firms’ strategies results from differences in the timing of their investments and the type of products produced in China. Until the 1990s, it was efficient for them to concentrate their facilities in areas close to Japan. Since the 2000s, however, several firms

L have dispersed facilities to the south to reduce off-crop seasons and production risks because of the increasing requests for food security and safety in the Japanese market.

The changes in the locational strategies by Companies K and L were examined in detail. Company K has concentrated production at large-scale facilities in Shandong Province to intensify the quality control system of their products. Moreover, Company K developed new production facilities in Japan to improve the reliability of their products. On the other hand, Company L has established a risk reduction system not only by dispersing facilities, but also by replacing Chinese brokers with Company L’s own farms. That is to say, these two firms’ locational changes have resulted from developments of quality and risk control systems against the food security and safety issues in China.

To satisfy Japanese consumers’ demands for food security and safety, the locational strategies taken by Companies K and L have been much alike in character since the 2000s. In conclusion, the strategies used by Japanese frozen food firms have been affected not only by cost factors, but also gradually by quality and security and safety factors.

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In the analysis of the particular commercial firm , bank and so forth, it is necessary to use the first hand documents such as account books or diaries, so that we can penetrate into their real activity or inner structure in their totalty. Such way of analysis has been frequently used in the cases in Japanese and Western economic history. This is also true with cases of Chinese economic history. This paper tries to show the activities of the Sheng-Tai Hao (生泰号) Company in Nagasaki, by way of the author's detailed research into the account books it possessed, in the hope of filling the gap which has been studied so little. The founder of the Sheng-Tai Hao was a merchant who lived in the last days of the late Ch'ing period and came over to Nagasaki from Fu-chou of Fu-Kien province. Nagasaki has been a sole trading port opened for the sea-trade between China and Japan since the early Tokugawa era. With the opening of that port as one of treaty-ports in 1858, the Chinese merchants had to dwell in the quarters assigned as foreign residence, at that time, the Sheng-Tai Hao establishd its firm im Shinchi-cho within that quarters and remained to stay there until 1948. After the Second World War it changed its business and became a Chinese restaurant. The Sheng-Tai Hao was a firm owned and operated by the Chen family, slong with their relatives and the persons recruited from their hometowns who amounted to about twenty members in all. The Sheng-Tai Hao was a whole-sale dealer, dealing the import of goods from China such as silk, furniture, writing brush, cosmetics, etc. and export of marine-products. In addition, it dealt retail business only partially (about 20% in the sales). The sphere of its business spread very extensively; from Kyushu to Tokyo, Shang-hai, Taiwan, Korea, having had about 970 customers at its heyday. Its gross annual sales of about 90,000 yen plus annual profits of about 20,000 yen which could be ranked as a middle scale firm among the Chinese companies therein. Only a part of the books possessed originally by the Sheng-Tai Hao, nevertheless, the eighteen different kinds of books extant which compose a series of documents ranging from daily records to ledgers of the main and the subsidiary books, are of particular importance. Generally, the Sheng-Tai Hao books could be defined as those compiled by the single entry book keeping method. Its mode of book keeping also could be grouped into such localized one as that prevailed in Amoy area in Southern Fukien. It should be noted that it was kept without any influence from western double entry book keeping technique. The books can be devided into two kinds in size: the larger one, 24 cm by 18.5 cm, and the smaller one, 15 cm by 22 cm. Every entry was writtern by Chinese brush and by use of Shuchou numerals. A line in the midde divides the space into two parts, the upper shows Debtor and the under shows Creditor. All in all, this management and book keeping method should be regarded as a typical example of the old-style Chinese trading companies.

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Embedded system’s modules implemented in hardware system are distributed by WDMS(Web Distribution Management System) to users such as vendors or manufactures. This distribution is controlled by standards or procedures as formal knowledge [1], which is produced by experiences of engineers of vendors as well as manufactures. These standards or procedures are automatically arranged and processed by WDMS whose method is proposed in order to adjust the needs of a recipient of the distributed ESM&D (Embedded System’s Modules and Documents). Under these circumstances, standards or procedures control decomposition of Schema (RDFs[2],or OWL[3],) as registration, reference, or receipt process. As a result of this proposed method, this WDMS brings forth versatility and rapid accommodation to the recipients’ needs.

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This paper is a case study of a professional organization for offering customer solutions (POOCS) at Company A, a global materials supplier. Positioned in the upstream supply chains, Company A has the ability to handle materials, and most of its direct customers are second- and third-tier companies in the supply chain. Company A had difficulty understanding the general direction of the supplier system and industry trends for the very same reasons. However, by creating a POOCS, engineers at Company A were able to understand external information of Chain Captains and Trend Settlers and propose solutions without being distracted by semantic noise. In other words, the POOCS functioned much like the gatekeepers described by Allen (1977), who did not find any relationship between the existence of a gatekeeper and performance; however, in the case of Company A, performance clearly improved with the creation of the POOCS to act as a gatekeeper.

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Directory services are popular among people who search their favorite information on the Web. Those services provide hierarchical categories for finding a user's favorite page. Pages on the Web are categorized into one of the categories by hand. Many existing studies classify a web page by using text in the page. Recently, some studies use text not only from a target page which they want to categorize, but also from the original pages which link to the target page. We have to narrow down the text part in the original pages, because they include many text parts that are not related to the target page. However these studies always use a unique extraction method for all pages. Although web pages usually differ so much in their formats, they do not change their extraction methods. We have already developed an extraction method of anchor-related text. We use text parts extracted by our method for classifying web pages. The results of the experiments showed that our extraction method improves the classification accuracy.

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The innovation process is consists of the creative and diffusion process broadly. The creative process focuses on the internal product development process and work flow improvement. The diffusion process focuses on the external activities, which are to diffuse the product onto the market widely and get the economical value as the result. There are many researches for individual innovation process, however, few researches for the comprehensive innovation process, which is to see the creative and diffusion process as a consistent process and discuss them comprehensively. In this paper, the possibility to study the comprehensive innovation process by using Actor-Network Theory will make clear by the case analysis for the innovation process of a personal computer peripheral device in Japan. As the results, the usefulness of ANT was verified for the investigation of comprehensive innovation process first. Secondly, the following hypothesis was derived. Innovation is not something that can be reduced to a single primary factor, such as a new technology, an organization, or a market, but that it requires the expansion of a network consisting of all of these elements, transition by means of this expansion, and translations that make the manufacturer an obligatory passage point in the network.

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Directory services are popular among people who search their favorite information on the Web. Those services provide hierarchical categories for finding a user's favorite page. Pages on the Web are categorized into one of the categories by hand. Many existing studies classify a web page by using text in the page. Recently, some studies use text not only from a target page which they want to categorize, but also from the original pages which link to the target page. We have to narrow down the text part in the original pages, because they include many text parts that are not related to the target page. However these studies always use a unique extraction method for all pages. Although web pages usually differ so much in their formats, they do not change their extraction methods. We have already developed an extraction method of anchor-related text. We use text parts extracted by our method for classifying web pages. The results of the experiments showed that our extraction method improves the classification accuracy.

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Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan, with the theme of `Designing Future Society for Our Lives` Activities such as `TEAM EXPO 2025` have already begun ahead of the 2025 event. We introduce what kind of Expo they aim for and the initiatives of schools and companies in Osaka, Kansai. Let's Create Together `Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, Japan` The Footsteps of World Expositions and the Development of Transportation, Communication,and Exhibition Technologies International Expositions, an Attempt to Understand Human Progress:From Exhibition to Dialogue A `Huge Cultural Festival` to Co-create the Future Creating a Society where “Everyone Can Smile` through Robotics Education and SDGs Japan's `Fifth Cancer Treatment,` BNCT, Finally Off the Ground What You Need to Know Before Expo 2025!:Kansai's Unique Technology that Contributes to the SDGs

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Demand uncertainty is one of the most critical factors in supply chain management (SCM). In coping with the uncertainty, the firm should improve the quality of data used for demand forecasting. Such improvement is to a large extent possible through effective collaborative relationships and activities with supply chain partners, especially, downstream ones. Our research is case-based and intends to profile supply chain collaboration strategy in terms of collaborative efforts on the demand uncertainty. We introduce a concept of adaptive collaboration depending on the product life cycle, value concepts of involved partners, and their process complementarities. As a matter of course, we propose a possible research direction for aligning product strategy with supply chain strategy.

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Considering the intensification of firms’ focus on social issues (CSR, CSV, SDGs), this article explores the relationships between them and Corporate Political Activity (CPA) to conclude that additional integration could offer strategically significant synergies, yet largely unexploited. Nonmarket strategies and CPA are multiform; in some international business situations, the power of ideas, knowledge building, and technocratic rationality can be considered stronger than money and foreign pressure, particularly if combined with legitimacy management. Compared to an adversarial stance, a collaborative approach can be suited for countries where lobbying is not well perceived, or the use of financial contributions by foreign firms forbidden. Benefits of a better CPA/CSR alignment include a virtuous circle regarding legitimacy management, access goods to lawmakers, a reduction in interaction cost, or the establishment of new standards conferring the firm a powerful competitive edge.

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London Jewry had approximately eight thousands populations about 1750. They became a minority group who occupied 0.1 percent of total population. In those days, under the shades of upper class Jews' brilliant foreign trade activities, london Jewry was in three Large fetters. The first one was seceding trends of wealthy Jews from the existing congregations which was brought about as a result of house-moving tendencies of upper and upper middle class Jews from the East End's old Jewry to surburban areas. In consequences of their house-moving and secessions, opportunities of lower class Jews' employment for their household servants and their relief toward the lowest class Jews have diminished before never. The seond one was beginning of continual influx of poor Ashkenazic immigrants. Between 1750 and 1815, about eight-thousands or ten-thousands poor Ashkenazic immigrants came from the European Continent, especially from Germany. The third one was circumstance which excluded virtually Orthodox Jews from English poor law system and apprenticeship. The above-mentioned three shackles effected mutually, which brought about "Problems of Ashkenazic Paupers" at the end of the 18th century. It was necessary for London Jewry to overcome the "Problems of Paupers" swiftly, because security of London Jewry depended mainly upon the friendly relations with the Government, municipal authorities, and with regional inhabitants. So as to solute the "Problems of Paupers", firstly authorities of London Jewish congregations in co-operation with the Government and with nunicipal authorities, carried out the obstructive policy against poor Ashkenazic inflow and their repatriations. But, the policy cannot obtain realistic effectiveness in spite of its aim. Still more, authorities of London Jewish congregations found a vocational school for Jewish youth of pauper class who were practically excluded from apparenticeship. As for independent endeavour on the parts of the poor Jews, they began peddling activities for the provinces. They went to the prosperous centers at each era, namely to naval and seaports towns in the later-eighteenth century and to industrial towns in the early-nineteenth century. In these provincial towns, they rose relatively short term from vagabond peddlers to settling retailers, further some of them rose to wholesellers and to manufacturers, and in tows where they settled, they found many provincial Jewries. Constractions of provincial Jewries were the most important counter measure on the part of Jews to solute for the "Problems of Ashkenazic Paupers" in London.

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