A mass fish death occurred at Minami-Sotobori (moat) in

Osaka

- Park on Oct. 4, 2007. It was reported that more than a thousand fish died. Features of the mass death were: 1) it involved many of the fish species that in the moat, 2) most were fish with long body length died with open mouth, 3) dissolved oxygen was 3.1 mg·L^-1 or less throughout the water column. It was judged that the fish had died of anoxia. The air temperature had decreased rapidly seven days before the fatal accident low temperatures continued for four days. As a result, it is thought that the epilimnion was cooled strongly sank to the bottom during this period that the hypolimnion, which contains less oxygen, welled up. Since the hypolimnion seems to become anaerobic under organic loading for long periods, it is possible that similar accidents will happen again when water stratification breaks down for some reason.

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Regeneration of artificial injuries on scleractinian corals of massive colonies Porites lutea branching Porites cylindrica algal/coral competition on newly formed substrate are the subject of investigation. It was shown that the injured coral areas recovered at three stages (1) coral tissue recovery with the formation of a border between the regenerating tissue dead area, (2) growth expansion of the tissue on the substrate, (3) new polyps development on the healed area. At the first stage of the regeneration, the rate of lesion healing was highest; it varied in respect to injury type averaged 0.2-0.05 0.1-0.02mm day^-1 for P. lutea P. cylindrica, respectively. The regeneration rate mostly depended on morphology of corals injury type. Coral entombed spores thalli fragments of algae settled onto partially damaged tissue skeleton. At the second stage, the rate of lesion healing sharply decreased varied from 0.1 to 0.mm day^-1 for P. lutea from 0.05 to 0.02mm day^-1 for P. cylindrica. Position of the injuries within the colony, light intensity, as well as the composition abundance of algae animals settled onto the damaged areas had a significant effect on the rate duration of the recovery process. The algae growing on dead areas of the injuries acted as a physical in rare cases as a chemical impediment for expansion of tissue on the available substrate. At the second stage of healing, the tissue overgrew twenty two algal species settled onto the lesions at winter spring seasons. At the third stage of the regeneration, the recovery depended on external internal conditions promoting the growth of coral polyps.

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Background: Many cross-sectional studies have examined the incidences of herpes zoster (HZ) postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), but prospective studies in Japanese older adults are lacking. Therefore, we conducted a community-based prospective cohort study to determine the incidence in Japanese adults aged ≥50 years.
Methods: We recruited 12 522 participants from Shozu County, Kagawa Prefecture, between December 2008 November 2009 followed participants for 3 years. When a subject presented with symptoms suggestive of HZ, they were examined at collaborating medical institutions cooperated with onset recovery surveys (eg, measurement of varicella zoster virus-specific immunity a pain survey). The hazard ratios (HRs) of HZ PHN according to sex age were analyzed by Cox regression analysis with a significance level of 5%.
Results: The incidence of HZ was 10.9/1000 person-years (men: 8.5/1000 person-years; women: 12.8/1000 person-years) was significantly higher in women than in men (HR 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.8). The incidence of PHN was 2.1/1000 person-years (men: 1.7/1000 person-years; women: 2.4/1000 person-years), with no significant sex differences. A total of 19% of HZ cases progressed to PHN; no sex-specific difference in the proportion of PHN cases was observed.
Conclusions: We clarified the accurate incidences of HZ PHN in a population of Japanese older adults. These incidences increased with age. HZ incidence was higher in women than in men, while PHN incidence did not differ markedly between the sexes.

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Background: In 2004, the Japanese government halted the 6-month mass screening program for neuroblastoma. We investigated whether its cessation had led to an increase not only in mortality due to this disease but also in the incidence of advanced-stage disease among older children.
Methods: Study subjects were neuroblastoma patients retrieved from the population-based Cancer Registry. Trends of incidence mortality from neuroblastoma were analyzed by calendar year birth cohort. Prognostic factors, including stage v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN) oncogene status, were compared before after the cessation of mass screening.
Results: Age-standardized incidence rates in –2009 (the cessation period of mass screening; 11.1 per million) were similar to those in 1975–1979 (the pre-screening period; 8.6 per million). Age-standardized mortality rates tended to decrease from 1975–1979 (4.0 per million) to –2009 (2.7 per million) in parallel with the improvement in survival. Analysis by birth cohort indicated that the mortality rates in 2004– (after cessation) for children 0–4 years of age were lower than those in 1975–1979 (O:E ratio 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.–0.90). For children 1–9 years of age, there was a not significant difference in the distribution of stage, MYCN oncogene status, DNA ploidy between 1991–2003 (the mass screening period) 2004–2008 (after cessation).
Conclusions: The cessation of mass screening for neuroblastoma does not appear to have increased mortality due to this disease or incidence of advanced-stage disease among older children.

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Population displacement theory concerns settlements as a form of sociocultural action rather than a passive reaction to a sudden influx of refugees. The literature suggests that formal camp planning affects the efficiency of services, infrastructure, safety,

the health of refugees. The present study explains spatial patterns at the Zaatari Syrian Refugee Camp in North Jordan, Al-Mafraq, the shifted emerging patterns their influence on the efficiency of the settlement. The objectives of the study are first, to identify the influence of spatial settlement patterns on mobilizers’ reachability, which reflects the efficiency of the settlement; second, to identify the influence of spatial shifts on the efficiency of the camp. Face-to-face interviews with camp mobilizers explained the shifted settlement patterns their influence on mobilizers’ reachability to the residents. A cluster-stratified random sample was used to collect quantitative data through a structured questionnaire. Next, linear logistic regression one-way analysis of variance tests were utilized to test the influence of the emerging settlement patterns on the total efficiency of the settlement. Spatial settlement patterns specifically affect accessibility communication, while infrastructure safety are unaffected. To increase accessibility to services efficiency of communication between refugees mobilizers, planners should consider emerging sociocultural patterns.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) is one of the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogens responsible for chronic lung disease in humans. It is widely distributed in biofilms in natural

living environments. It is considered to be transmitted from the environment. Despite its importance in public health, the ultrastructure of the MAH biofilm remains largely unknown. The ultrastructure of a MAH-containing multispecies biofilm that formed naturally in a bathtub inlet was herein reported along with those of monoculture biofilms developed from microcolonies pellicles formed in the laboratory. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an essentially multilayered bathtub biofilm that was packed with cocci short long rods connected by an extracellular matrix (ECM). Scattered mycobacterium-like rod-shaped cells were observed around biofilm chunks. The MAH monoculture biofilms that developed from microcolonies in vitro exhibited an assembly of flat layers covered with thin film-like ECM membranes. Numerous small bacterial cells (0.76±0.19‍ ‍μm in length) were observed, but not embedded in ECM. A glycopeptidolipid-deficient strain did not develop the layered ECM membrane architecture, suggesting its essential role in the development of biofilms. The pellicle biofilm also consisted of flat layered cells covered with an ECM membrane small cells. MAH alone generated a flat layered biofilm covered with an ECM membrane. This unique structure may be suitable for resistance to water flow disinfectants the exclusion of fast-growing competitors, small cells in biofilms may contribute to the formation transmission of bioaerosols.

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Genomic mRNA sequences of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), were detected in the kidney tissue surface mucus of asymptomatic fry juveniles chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, using nested PCR, quantitative real-time PCR RT-nested PCR. Fry were obtained from a hatchery belonging to the Hokkaido Salmon Resources Association from March 25, through May 10, 2016. In addition, the fry were transferred from the hatchery into a wet laboratory at the Salmon Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, reared in running well water at 8°C-10°C, monitored for the bacterium from April 19, 2016 through January 4, 2017. The fish showed no mortality from BKD, bacteria were not detected in the kidney tissue by culture. Yet prevalence of R. salmoninarum genome positive rate of the mRNA in the kidney tissue samples were 0%-100% 0%-70%, respectively, with number of genome of 1.0 × 10¹-1.7 × 10⁴ copies/mg. Surface mucus samples, which were obtained in November 21, 2016 January 4, 2017, showed similar detection levels to the kidney tissue based on prevalence intensity of the genome. The results verify subclinical infection with R. salmoninarum in chum salmon fry in Hokkaido, Japan.

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BACKGROUND: Observing the epidemics of vector-borne diseases is important. One or more cases of 6 vector-borne diseases were reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases in Japan in 2000-.
METHODS: The reports of those cases were available. The incidence was observed by region of acquired infection, prefecture reporting, week year of diagnosis.
RESULTS: The incidence rate per year per 1,000,000 population was 0.36 for dengue fever, 0.04 for Japanese encephalitis, 0.38 for Japanese spotted fever, 0.08 for Lyme disease, 0.74 for malaria, 3.50 for scrub typhus. There were no cases of dengue fever or malaria derived from domestic infections. The yearly incidence rate increased for dengue fever Japanese spotted fever, declined for malaria scrub typhus. The proportion of cases reported in Tokyo was 44% for dengue fever 37% for malaria. The number of prefectures reporting one or more cases of Japanese spotted fever increased in western Japan. The cases of scrub typhus increased in autumn-winter in prefectures of eastern Japan, increased both in autumn-winter spring in western prefectures.
CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals the epidemiologic features of both temporal geographic distributions of cases of 6 vector-borne diseases in Japan, 2000-.
J Epidemiol 2007; 17: S48-S55.

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Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including maternal suicide. Mode of delivery has been suggested to be a risk factor for PPD, but no large cohort study has examined the association between mode of delivery

PPD. We aimed to examine the association between mode of delivery risks of PPD at 1 6 months after childbirth.

Methods: In a nationwide study of 89,954 mothers with a

singleton birth, we examined the association between mode of delivery risks of PPD. PPD was evaluated using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (≥13) at 1 6 months after childbirth. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of PPD were calculated using multivariable logistic regression analyses after adjustment of antenatal physical, socioeconomic, mental factors.

Results: Among 89,954 women, 3.7%

2.8% had PPD at 1 6 months after childbirth, respectively. Compared with unassisted vaginal delivery, cesarean section (CS) was marginally associated with PPD at 1 month but not at 6 months; adjusted ORs were 1.10 (95% CI, 1.00–1.21) 1.01 (95% CI, 0.90–1.13), respectively. The association with PPD at 1 month was evident in women with antenatal psychological distress (adjusted OR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.–1.28). The observed associations were attenuated after adjusting for infant feeding method.

Conclusion: Women who had antenatal psychological distress

underwent CS delivery may be regarded as a target for monitoring PPD.

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Background: Neighborhood deprivation has been shown in many studies to be an influential factor in cardiovascular disease risk. However, no previous studies have examined the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions on the risk of stroke in Asian countries.
Methods: This study investigated whether neighborhood deprivation was associated with the risk of stroke stroke death using data from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. We calculated the adjusted hazard ratios of stroke mortality (mean follow-up, 16.4 years) stroke incidence (mean follow-up, 15.4 years) according to the area deprivation index (ADI) among 90 843 Japanese men women aged 40–69 years. A Cox proportional-hazard regression model using a shared frailty model was applied.
Results: The adjusted hazard ratios of stroke incidence, in order of increasing deprivation with reference to the least deprived area, were 1.16 (95% CI, 1.04–1.29), 1.12 (95% CI, 1.00–1.26), 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02–1.35), 1.19 (95% CI, 1.01–1.41), after adjustment for individual socioeconomic conditions. Behavioral psychosocial factors attenuated the association, but the association remained significant. The associations were explained by adjusting for biological cardiovascular risk factors. No significant association with stroke mortality was identified.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that the neighborhood deprivation level influences stroke incidence in Japan, suggesting that area socioeconomic conditions could be a potential target for public health intervention to reduce the risk of stroke.

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New residential needs have recently caused a construction boom in central areas of Japanese metropolises leading to population recovery compact conversion in many cities, such as Kyoto. This study shows how central Kyoto has become compact by an investigation of condominiums. An evaluation of CO₂ emissions based on the supply of condominiums was carried out. The investigation shows that the supply of condominiums within the central district of Kyoto has been increasing faster than that in the fringe district recently. Travel distance modes of transportation are changed by such compaction process. The estimation shows that compact housing arrangement, which shortens traveling distance changes the transportation modes of residents, helps to reduce CO₂ emission in Kyoto. The results also indicate that, in the central district of Kyoto, the supply of dwelling units for households with more than two family members is more effective in reducing CO₂ emission.

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Aberrant gene expression in somatic cell nuclear-transferred (NT) embryos due to abnormal epigenetic modifications of the donor nucleus likely accounts for much of the observed diminished viability developmental abnormalities. We compared the expression of 13 developmentally important genes in individual 8-cell blastocyst stage NT embryos produced from adults female cumulus cells adult male skin fibroblast cells with low high incidences of neonatal abnormalities [1, 2]. In vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos were used as control embryos. Among the genes tested, the relative abundance of Glut-1, IGF-1R, E-cad, Cx43 transcripts varied significantly between the two types of NT embryos at the 8-cell stage. The relative abundance of manganese super oxide dismutase (MnSOD) Stat3 transcripts was significantly higher in IVF embryos compared with both types of NT embryos. At the blastocyst stage, there was a significant difference in the relative expression of only one gene, Bcl-2, between the two types of NT embryos. Although the level of Glut-1 expression did not vary between the two types of NT blastocysts, its expression in both types of NT blastocysts was significantly lower than that in IVF blastocysts. The MnSOD expression level tended to be higher in NT blastocysts. The gene expression profile for any single gene, however, was highly variable among individual embryos was independent of embryo morphology. The present study demonstrated that the expression profiles of the 13 genes examined in Day 9 NT blastocysts produced from two different types of donor cells with different incidences of neonatal abnormalities are largely indistinguishable.

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A total of 1,228,551 newborn babies, who were almost all of babies born in for 14 years (168 months), were screened for congenital primary hypothyroidism by an identical mass-screening program using the thyrotropin method, 429 patients with hypothyroidism due to thyroid dysgenesis (dysgenetic hypothyroidism) were found. The occurrence of the patients in every month was not random but episodic the incidence was higher in the late autumn (from October to December). These observations support a hypothesis that some environmental factors may cause this disorder overtime the possibility of relation with intrauterine viral infection was discussed.

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Monovalent vaccine was fed to about 3, 000 children in the order of types 1, 3, 2 at 4week intervals. The results obtained confirm the effectiveness the safety of the vaccine. Vaccinees demonstrated excellent antibody response to each type of vaccine. Heterotypic antibody response was shown in some vaccinees. Vaccine viruses readily spread to children coming in contact with vaccinees, resulting in a high incidence of seroconversion almost comparable to that obtained among vaccinees, although the viruses spread more readily among children in nurseries than among home dwelling children. None of the vaccinees developed any serious illness no evidence was found to prove that any of the symptoms observed in some vaccinees was attributable to the vaccine virus. Clinical observation of the contacts gave no evidence for untoward clinical reaction. Vaccine viruses were readily isolated from stools of the vaccinees contacts for several weeks. Concurrent infection of the intestinal tract with non-polio enteroviruses was shown to exert significant inhibitory effect on infection of the vaccine viruses hence on antibody response. Pre-existing antibodies, heterotypic or homotypic, reduced the rate of virus excretion after vaccination, but did not significantly affect antibody response.

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Background: There is little longitudinal evidence on the impact of specific living arrangements (ie, who individuals

with) on mental health among older adults, no studies have examined the modifying effect of residential social cohesion level on this association. We aimed to examine the association between living arrangements depressive symptoms whether this association varies with residential neighborhood social cohesion level among 19,656 men 22,513 women aged 65 years older in Japan.

Methods: We analyzed the association between baseline living arrangements in 2010

depressive symptoms in 2013. We calculated gender-specific odds ratios (ORs) of living arrangements for depressive symptoms using a logistic regression conducted subgroup analyses by neighborhood social cohesion level.

Results: Among men (but not women), living alone (OR 1.43; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.18–1.73)

living with spouse parent (OR 1.47, 95% CI, 1.09–1.98) were associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms compared with living with a spouse only. Living with spouse child was a risk for men in the young age group but a protective factor for women. We also identified that the negative impact of living arrangements on depressive symptoms was attenuated in neighborhoods with higher levels of social cohesion.

Conclusions: Living arrangements are associated with risk of depressive symptoms among men

women; these associations differ by gender neighborhood social cohesion level. Our results suggest the need to pay more attention to whether individuals alone, as well as who individuals with, to prevent depressive symptoms among older adults.

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This study overviews “the Pre-WBF Festival – Learning from the disaster, bridging to the future: held in partnership with the Science Agora” (the Pre-WBF Festival),

recounts its achievements. This was a cultural, admission-free public event, held as the opening event of the first “World Bosai Forum/International Disaster Risk Conference in Sendai” (WBF). The Pre-WBF Festival was planned primarily by academics with a view towards “passing on experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake,” “bridging the divide between academia society,” “success of the WBF,” so on. Parties involved in media provided advice on onstage presentations public relations activity. The event, which had 662 participants from inside outside of Japan, was a success. An analysis of the results of a questionnaire demonstrates that the participants understood the intentions of the event reacted very favorably. Although participation of younger generations remains an issue, the Pre-WBF Festival is thought to be an effective method to connect academia citizens. In addition, if such an event is held regularly, it can successfully pass on disaster experience in the future.

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