Background:High-frequency ultrasound has facilitated in vivo measurement of murine ascending aorta, allowing aortic strain to be determined from 2-D imaging. Thoracic aortic aneurysms associated with mutations infibrillin-1(FBN1) display elastin fragmentation, which may affect aortic strain. In this study, we determined the relationship between elastin fragmentation and aortic circumferential strain in wild-type (WT) and fibrillin-1 hypomorphic (

/) mice.

Methods and Results:Luminal diameter of the ascending aorta from WT

/mgRmice was measured in systole and diastole. Expansion of the ascending aorta during systole in male and female WT mice was 0.21±0.02 mm (16.3%) and 0.21±0.01 mm (17.0%), respectively, while expansion in male and /mgRmice was 0.11±0.04 mm (4.9%) and 0.07±0.02 mm (4.5%), respectively. Reduced circumferential strain was observed /mgRmice compared with WT littermates. Elastin fragmentation was inversely correlated to circumferential strain (R²=0.628, P=0.004) and significantly correlated with aortic diameter (systole, R²=0.397, P=0.038; diastole, R²=0.515, P=0.013).

/mgRmice had increased aortic diameter, reduced circumferential strain, and increased elastin fragmentation. Elastin fragmentation /mgRand their WT littermates was correlated with reduced circumferential strain.

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卵殻に正常部と灰色部とが混じる劣性の自然突然変異, まだら灰色卵 の連関分析を行った。連関検索の結果, 遺伝子は第6連関群に属することが判明したので, さらに E^Ca, F 両遺伝子を基準に選び3点実験を行い, の遺伝子座を第6連関群8.9と決定した。

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The surface and internal chorion structures of the mottled gray egg () of Bombyx mori, a mutation which exhibits patched areas of gray or opaque regions, were observed in comparison with normal eggs using a scanning electron microscope. No peculiarity was exhibited in the mutant with respect to whole egg size, surface structures at the micropyle region and basic patterns as well as the average area of the network imprints (polygons) on the lateral flat region. When cross-sections of the chorions were observed, the middle layer of the chorion corresponding to the gray areas was found to be deformed without a lamellar structure. Thus it can be concluded that the alleles take part in the formation of the middle layer arcitecture during choriogenesis.

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  We have constructed a BAC library of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea consisting of 5760 clones. The insert size ranged from 35 to 175 kbp, with an average of 120 kbp. The library is about 18 genomes equivalent, therefore covering more than 99.999% of the genome. This library is the first to be constructed using a rice pathogenic wild type isolate. Improved high molecular weight DNA size fractionating helped to construct the library with high efficiency. Total library clones were arranged onto two nylon membranes for efficient screening. Test hybridization with a single-copy RFLP marker showed ten positive clones, of which restriction patterns indicated no chimerality or deletions. As a model case of application of this library, the distribution of the well-studied fungal retrotransposons MGSR1, 583, and MAGGY and DNA transposons 586 and Pot2 was analyzed. Of all the BAC clones, 10%, 13%, 18%, 12%, and 23% contained MGSR1, 583, MAGGY, 586 and Pot2, respectively. The percentage of clones possessing more than five kinds of transposons was 1.4%, 215 times greater than the expected number. The results show that these transposons were distributed in clusters in the M. grisea genome.

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Before investigating general abrasion of various metals, the writer made a study on the relative abrasion of various carbon steels at the state of sliding frictional condition per unit work, the coefficient of friction being kept constant. The test was carried out by means of an abrasion testing machine newly designed by the writer. The specimens were taken from Swedish steels in the form of hollow concentric cylinder specially designed, the content of carbon ranging 0・1〜0・9 percent. The cross sectional surfaces of the two specimens, A and B, were placed opposite each other. The contact surface had the form of concentric ring. The abrasion of both specimens was measured by means of sensitive balance ;and by measuring the frictional force at the contact surface, the frictional energy and coefficient of friction could be calculated. Some of the results obtained from the hypoeutectoid steel tested are as follows. If the passive specimens (rubbed specimens) are the same, the abrasion of the active specimens (rubbing specimens) against them becomes less as the content of carbon, that is hardness, increased. And the greater the difference in hardness between the active and passive specimens, the larger the difference of the relative abrasions of them. Again, if the following not*tions be used : W_<Nn>=Standard obrasion of a specimen, n, against the standard specimen, N, in . W_<Nm>=Standard abrasion of a specimen, m, against the standard specimen, N, in . W_<mn>=Re1ative abrasion of n against m, in . W_<nm>=Relative abrasion of m against n, in . then a simple relation [numerical formula] is found among the three abrasions W_<Nn>, W_<Nm> and W_<mn> or W_<nm> ; where K is a constant having the value of 7・8 when the coefficient of friction is 0・65,and N, n and m can take any content of carbon so far as present tests on the hypoeutectoid steels are concerned.

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Gutenberg-Richters' formula (GR), truncated GR formula (TGR) and modified GR formula () are known to represent the magnitude vs. frequency relation of earthquake occurrence. We discuss parameter estimations and goodness-of-fits of the three formulae by using actual data and maximum likelihood method.
In the case of using data of round magnitudes, an upperbound magnitude (parameter C) and maximum likelihood of TGR are not directly estimated by using the maximum likelihood method based on probability density function. However, this is indirectly estimated by using the maximum likelihood method based on probability distribution function induced from the density function. With the modified method and the information criterion AIC, goodness-of-fit of TGR can be discussed in comparison with other formulae.
A formula with 4 parameters is derived from an exponential function polynomial. The formula (4PGR) includes new parameter α as a convex index near the upperbound magnitude. The 4PGR corresponds to TGR and in the cases of α→∞ and α→0, respectively, and either TGR or can be regarded as a special case of 4PGR.
Goodness-of-fits of GR, TGR, and 4PGR for earthquake data at 4 regions are compared by using AIC. The Result at each region indicates much better fit of the formulae with the upperbound magnitude than original GR. In these cases such as 200 earthquakes in sample size, the best fit does not seem to be 4PGR but to be TGR or .

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Photo-induced desorption of molecules from metal surfaces is discussed. First, we present potential energy surfaces as a function of the distance between the adsorbate and the surface for CO and NO on Pt, which have been calculated using three-atom clusters to model the chemisorption systems, and discuss the desorption processes in terms of the Menzel-Gomer-Redhead () model. In the model, the initial excitation by photons is assumed to be localized around the adsorbate, but a calculation with an extended slab to represent CO/Pt(111) suggests that states derived from the adsorbates are extended over the substrate, implying that this assumption is not always valid. A desorption mechanism via the nonadiabatic coupling is then illustrated that describes desorption processes in which the initial excitation is extended over the substrate. Finally, several important issues remaining to be solved are presented.

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It is empirically proved that the statistical distribution of fracture size, such as fault length, is governed by the power rule. Nevertheless, fault length data is in most cases plotted in semi-logarithmic coordinates. This implies that the data fits an exponential distribution better than a power-rule one. We introduce here three power-rule distribution models: ie. a composite model of two power-rule distributions, and a model transformed from the truncated Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency formula (TGR) and one from the modified Gutenberg-Richter formula (). As a result of AIC tests we conclude that TGR and models are the most suitable to fault length data.

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The inhibitory effects of 20 compounds including purine analogues on the growth of Micrococcus glutamicus No. 534-348, an inosinic acid-producing adenine-auxotroph, and No. 534, a prototrophic strain, were investigated.
A number of strains resistant to each of 6-mercaptoguanine, 6-thioguanine, 8-aza-guanine, mitomycin C and sulfanilamide were induced from strain No. 534-348, and their inosinic acid productivities were compared with their parent strain. Among them, -25, a 6-mercaptoguanine-resistant strain, accumulated more inosinic acid than its parent strain. Furthermore, the strain -25 was differentiated in its morphology, frequency of spontaneous reversion to prototrophic type in adenine-deficient medium, and the effectiveness of hypoxanthine to increase the inosinic acid accumulation.

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In der Mitte Mrz 1940 hatten die Verff. eine Katasteruntersuchung der Tuberkulose bei 4, 000 Bewohnern in Shidzunai ausgefiihrt.41.7% der mit 0.05 . A. T. gepriif ten reagierte positiv, dabei in Ainu betragte der Prozentsatz our 32.0%. Die Infektiositat war von dem Alter unabhngig. Bei in Tnberkulose exponierten Kindern war die Tuberkulinp o sitivitat auffallcnd hOher als bei den nicht exponierten. B. C. G. wurde bei 1, 0 88 tuberkulinnegativen Kindern (Dose: 0.01 . ), und bei 479Jugendlichen (Dose: 0.02 . ) geimpft. Bei der 796 Schirmaufnahm e fanden die Verff.70 aktive TuberkulOsen: 27 Primaraffektionen, 11 incipiente Formen und 32 exsudative und produktive Phthisen. Bei jeden auf Tuberkulose verdachtigen Fallen wurde die Diagnose durch die Grossenaufnahme sicher gestellt. (Autoreferat. )

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The study was undertaken to evaluate the antihyperglycemic potential of mangiferin purified from methanolic root extract of Salacia chinensis (S. chinensis) in control and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The mangiferin was administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg weight per day (30 days) to STZ-induced diabetic rats. The mangiferin treated diabetic rats significantly decreased the level of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin as well as increased level of insulin and hemoglobin. The activities of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase, and glycogen content level were increased to near normal in mangiferin treated diabetic rats. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase were significantly decreased in liver tissue of diabetic treated rats. These findings demonstrated that mangiferin possess antidiabetic activity against STZ-induced diabetic rats. The antidiabetic effect of mangiferin was compared with standard antidiabetic drug glibenclamide.

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Fifteen Pyricularia oryzae isolates from giant foxtail（Setaria faberii） were collected from a wide geographic range in Japan and subjected to DNA fingerprint analyses using transposable elements 586 and MAGGY as probes. The DNA fingerprint analyses revealed a complex lineage structure of the 15 isolates. When lineages were arbitrary defined as a group in which members shared greater than 70% similarities in their DNA fingerprint profiles, the 15 isolates could be sorted into 12 and 15 lineages by 586- and MAGGY-DNA fingerprint analyses, respectively. Three microgeographic populations of the giant foxtail pathogen, each of which contained 15 isolates collected from a １㎡ area, were subjected to 586-DNA fingerprint analysis. In one of the three populations, the 15 isolates were sorted into two lineages with around 70% similarity. In contrast, all of the 15 isolates in the other two populations formed a single lineage with greater than 70% similarities. The giant foxtail pathogen was considered to possess a complex lineage structure, even at the microgeographic scale. However, the simple lineage structure observed in the two populations suggests that the complexity of lineage structure of the pathogen at the microgeographic scale varies depending on collection sites.

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本報告は夏型飼料作物の生長効率にみられた草種間差異を解析する目的で,ソルガム,イネ,グリーンパニカム,ローズグラス,シコクビエおよび対照作物(コムギ,ダイズ,ナタネ)を照明および暗黒条件下で生育させ維持呼吸速度(M)と生長呼吸係数(Gr)および転換効率(K)について測定した。結果を要約すると以下のとおりである。1.幼植物の全呼吸速度と幼植物の相対生長率(RGR)との問には各供試作物ともに有意な直線関係が認められ,これよりHESKETHらの方法に従って,維持呼吸速度(M)および生長呼吸係数(Gr)を算出した。2.維持呼吸速度(M)には温度の影響が著しいだけでなく,草種間差異も認められた。概して種子が小さな草種ほど大きい傾向がみられ,供試草種中ではローズグラスが最も大であった。3.生長呼吸係数(Gr)には温度の影響や草種間差異はほとんど認められなかった。25℃区のGrの平均値は0.224であり,これを転換効率K=1/(1+Gr)に変換すると0.82であった。4.生長効率(GE)とk,M,RGR,には1/GE=1/K+M/RGRなる関係式が成り立つことが明らかとなった。以上の結果から,生長効率(GE)の草種間差異の原因はM/RGR〔〕にあることがわかった。5.Kを0.8と仮定し,前報のGEの結果からを算出すると,にも草種間差異が存在し,供試草種の中ではシコクビエが最も小さい値を示した。

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Heterosis is a heterozygous trait, depending on the genetic diversity of both parents. An approach to tag the heterosis trait with a molecular marker should be different from any other approaches for homozygous traits. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to identify the genetic diversity related to heterosis between both parents. This part of genetic diversity should be closely related to the parental combining ability, which is the most important factor for the performance of the hybrids. Based on the principle of parental combining ability, the simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers favorable and unfavorable to heterosis were identified in the previous study. In the present study, using these markers, two restorer lines with a very high combining ability, 44 and 45, were developed from the elite restorer line, Minhui63. In these two lines the favorable alleles were maintained while the unfavorable alleles were removed, resulting in the obvious increase of both the general combining ability (GCA) and special combining ability (SCA). Also, the spike density and 1000-grain weight traits were enhanced as compared with Minhui63. These results indicate that the previously selected molecular markers are very useful for hybrid rice breeding programs. Also, it was confirmed that the method described in our previous report is suitable and effective for screening molecular markers for hybrid rice breeding.

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Tree diversity and its relation to habitat was examined using the tree dataset of 57 linear transects totaling 70.2 ha in the Mengamé Gorilla Reserve (), south Cameroon. In nine different habitats defined based on physiognomy and ecological criteria, all trees with average dbh ≥ 10 cm were enumerated. Caesalpiniaceae is the leading dominant family in . Tree diversity totaled 304 species in 192 genera of 51 families. Included are 31 species cited in the IUCN red list of threatened species. Tree density varied from 80 to 366 stems⁄ha, basal area from 0.06 to 19.82 m²⁄ha, species richness from 11 to 269 species in each of the nine habitats. When compared with other tropical rainforests in Congo Basin, the results showed great similarities in tree density, family occurrence and Shannon diversity index values. Excluding the marshy grasslands where only 24 trees were recorded, 27 families and 30 species appeared common in the other eight habitats. We examined floristic similarities among the nine habitats using the NNESS similarity index, followed by a Chi-square test. The results revealed that habitat type affected tree composition, the main triggering factors being soil hygrometry, stage of stand development and disturbance. The study emphasizes the importance of the as a refuge of threatened species and reinforces the idea of its inclusion in the African biodiversity hotspot.

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It is customary to determine chlorine by the titration with silver nitrate, but it is almost impossible to find out the element in the tissues of organisms or in culture media by this method. The present paper embodies our determination of small amount of chlorine by a nephelometric method, chlorine being measured as silver chloride hereby.
Experiment 1
A varying amount of N/50000 NaCl solution was first acidified with HNO₃, 0.2 c.c. of 10% AgNO₃ solution was added, and finally distilled water was put to make the mixture 30 c.c. in volume. The chlorine content of this series of the mixtures was determined by a nephelometer in reference to a standard solution which consists of 20 c.c. of N/50000 NaCl solution, 0.2 c.c. of 10% AgNO₃, solution, and 3 c.c. of HNO₃. It may be mentioned that I c.c. of N/50000 NaCl solution contains 0.0007 . of Cl.
It is clear from the experiment that chlorine was almost exactly determined in the series within the range from 0.008 to 0.018., the experimental error being ±0.001.
Experiment 2
Firstly, 1 c.c. of a broth diluted to ten times was made 100 c.c. in volume with distilled water. Secondly, 1 c.c. of the broth diluted to ten times was mixed with 5 c.c. of N/2000 NaCl solution and then distilled water was added until 100 c.c. Two c.c. and 3 c.c. of each of these two solutions were acidified with HNO₃, mixed with 0.2 c.c. of 10% AgNO₃ solution, and made 30 c.c. with distilled water. The nephelometric determination of the samples was done with the satisfactory results

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