Gravel layers of gravel-bed river are commonly filled with matrices of sand and silt. In some fluvial conditions, there are “ gravel layers”, that is, gravel layers without matrices.
In this study, the formation of gravel layers was observed in a field, and a filling-up process was also observed. The filling-up rates were measured under several hydraulic conditions in a flume, where the process was demonstrated and the rate was measured by putting iron powder into upstream end of the observed point at fixed intervals during the filling up process of gravel layer. Summarizing these results, the rate of its filling-up process was predicted by a simple formula.

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This paper concerns Islamic glass vessels excavated in China, especially from tombs in Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, dating from the Liao period (916-1125 A.D.). Some views concerning these vessels have been presented already after the final excavation report was published and some of the glass vessels were chemically analyzed by the Chinese Research Institute.
Unfortunately an overview of these Islamic glass materials from China is rather unknown to European and American scholars. I will offer a catalogue of such materials and compare them with similar examples excavated in West Asia.

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従業員クチコミサイトの従業員クチコミの文章情報から「働きがい」「働きやすさ」の代替指標としての時系列スコアを生成し, 企業業績及び株式パフォーマンスとの関連性を分析した. その結果, 働きがい及び働きやすさスコアの改善は,2∼3年程度遅れて企業の成長性や収益性にプラスの影響をもたらし, 逆に企業のサステイナブル成長率の向上は,1 年程度遅れて働きがいを向上させることが分かった. また株式パフォーマンスとの関連性については, 両スコアの改善ポートフォリオは 1年程度遅れて統計的に有意な正の超過リターンをもたらし, 株式市場におけるミス・プライシングが発生していることが示唆された一方, 働きやすさのみの改善ポートフォリオでは統計的に有意な超過リターンは観測されなかった.

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細粒土砂(<2mm)の堆積が浮き石割合,透水性に与える影響を検討するため,北海道南西部の遊楽部川流域と貫気別川流域の底質が異なる5つの山地小河川を対象として,粒度組成と浮き石割合および透水係数の調査を行った.また,これらの河川間の違いを明らかにした上で,各河川の土地利用の特徴について考察した.なお,流水中の河床における細粒土砂の採取には凍結コア法を用い,透水係数の計測には原位置透水試験のパッカー法を適用した.
浮き石割合および透水係数は,平均粒径,歪度,尖度と強い相関が見られ,また細粒土砂の重量割合と負の相関が得られた.なかでも,粒径0.125-1,0mmの重量百分率と最も強い負の相関が得られた.これらのことから,細粒土砂の堆積により,浮き石割合および透水係数が低下することが定量的に明らかになった.また,浮き石割合の減少により透水係数が低下することが得られた.一方,河川間において,細粒土砂の重量百分率,浮き石割合,透水係数に違いが認められ,細粒土砂量が多く,透水係数や浮き石割合が低い河川は,農地率の高い河川であった.農地開発により表土流出や河岸崩壊が生じ,土砂生産量が増加すると報告されていることから,農地率が高い河川では,そのような影響が底質に現れたと考えられた.また,細粒土砂を多く含む河床では,出水によるフラッシュ・アウトがない場合,細粒土砂の堆積が進行し,河川生物相に及ぼす影響が大きいことが予想された.
本研究で用いた凍結コア法およびパッカー法は,流水中の細粒土砂の採取および透水係数の測定方法として有効であった,今後,河川環境の保全を考える際,これらの方法を活用して細粒土砂に関する知見を深め,河床への堆積過程さらに堆積防止方法を検討する必要がある.

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As Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota) pushes forward with its multi-pathway strategy, it is also fully committed to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and has set a goal of creating a system to produce 1.5 million BEVs by 2026 and 3.5 million by 2030. In China, the competition to lower the price of BEVs is intensifying, and BYD and other Chinese automakers are accelerating their expansion into Southeast Asia. Also, in terms of software-defined vehicle (SDV) level, which is a major component of performance, Toyota lags far behind Tesla and Chinese automakers. It is worrisome that Toyota spends less on research and development (R&D) than Tesla and BYD. While Toyota was late to the EV shift by failing to demonstrate superior dynamic managerial capabilities (DMC), its strong ordinary capabilities (OC) allowed it to continue to perform well and “buy time” while at the same time “eraning funds” for future BEV development. Toyota’s problems are likely to be concentrated in the dynamic resource capabilities (DRC), including the need to allocate further resources to R&D expenses and a development schedule that does not leave enough room. This realization was made possible by the utility of the OC/DMC framework, which can be broken down into four categories and list a company’s capabilities. The challenges for the product are how to compensate for the delay in the SDV level and whether it can achieve the cost that can compete with BYD. If the development of all-solid-state batteries proceeds successfully, there is a possibility that these issues can be improved to a considerable degree. These insights were gained through the application of DMC theories, such as the modified Christensen model and the four types of new entry strategies.

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琵琶湖南湖の東岸，琵琶湖博物館のある烏丸半島で掘削された「烏丸地区深層ボーリング（烏丸ボーリング）」の基盤地形上での位置についての再考と，基盤直上から上位へ，長さ62 m（掘削深度842～904 m）の部分，すなわち180万～190万年前から約170万年前頃の地層の堆積相解析を行った．その結果，烏丸コアの掘削地点の東方の野洲川・草津川平野の地下に，琵琶湖堆積物の基盤地形上の大きな河谷（主谷）が存在している可能性を述べた．そして，烏丸コアの最下部が示す堆積環境は，河川の支谷の扇状地あるいは谷壁に発達した崖錐であった場所に，主谷から天然ダム湖の水位が上昇してきて，水位変動をしながらも，そこが浅く狭い湖からより深い広い湖に次第に変化していった．また，この結論は，琵琶湖の起源に関する情報が掘削地点の東方の主谷を埋積した堆積物に残されている可能性を示している．

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 To the comment and criticism by the inquirer on the article concerned, the author has truthfully answered as follows:
 1) To the former query on a distinction between a sculpture and a transom by the inquirer, the description of the previous text has been rectified on the hierarchy in various edifices within the Ooku Gotenmuki, under the appropriation of the inquirer's argument.
 2) Against the latter query on Kin-un Sunago and Kin Sunago as a finish of the ceilings, the author's judgement has been rather appropriate by reference to supplemented pictorial diagrams indicated in the text and notes of the previous article.
 3) The conclusion of the previous article remains to be effective in spite of its refinement owing to the comment and criticism by the inquirer.

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木理のコントラストの変化がその誘目性や見た目の印象に及ぼす影響を定量的に示すために，10種類の塗装によって材面のコントラストを変化させたスギ，ミズナラ，イタヤカエデの化粧合板を調製し，画像解析および視線追跡を含む観察実験に供試した。イメージング分光装置によって得られた各試料の色彩値付き画像データから，材面のコントラストに関係する画像特徴量を算出した。27名の被験者に各試料を所定の観察条件で観察させ，その間の視線の動きを測定するとともに，試料の見た目の印象を評価させた。画像解析から得られたコントラスト値によって塗装による材面のコントラストの差異を的確に表せた。また，主観的な「木理の明瞭さ」や材面の誘目性とコントラスト値との間に相関関係が認められた。

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Three-dimensional fabric analysis was done in order to characterize the fabric of slope deposits gathered from various sources. Although the distribution of periglacial slope deposits on a logarithmic ratio plot partly overlaps those of nonperiglacial deposits such as soil creep, sediment flow plots, debris flow plots, talus, outwash and stratified slopes (in beds) indicate low values of both C and K compared with those of periglacial slope deposits (Fig. 1, Table 1). This result leads to the conclusion that (1) the periglacial slope deposits have higher C and K values than non-periglacial deposits except for glacial ones; (2) the periglacial slope deposits are plotted in a zone with C ranging over 2.5, K ranging over 0.5 on the logarithmic ratio plot; and (3) it is, therefore, possible to distinguish the periglacial slope deposits from the non-periglacial ones by means of logarithmic ratio plots.
Three-dimensional fabric analysis of 2, 350 clasts in the site located on the fossil periglacial slope deposits in the Hidaka Mountains has been done to evaluate the relations of macro fabrics to both length of a-axis (Table 2) and clast shape (Table 3). The main results are that (1) clasts with a longer a-axis have macro fabrics with little deviation from mean orientation (Figs. 2 and 3); and (2) clast shape has little effect on fabric in the longer a-axis range (Fig. 4, Table 4).
Taking these results into consideration, azimuths and dips of clasts with longer a-axis have to be measured in order to gain fabrics with little deviation from mean orientation in periglacial slope deposits.

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中部日本の飛騨山脈立山（3,015m）とその西側に隣接する立山火山において，3段のモレーンと火山噴出物との層序的関係から，最終氷期後半の亜氷期における氷河前進と火山活動のタイミングを明らかにした．最終氷期後半の亜氷期は，立山期I（29cal ka直前），II（18～20 ¹⁰Be ka），III（10～11 ¹⁰Be ka）に細分される．立山期の氷河は立山期Iに最も前進し，その後順次後退した．飛騨山脈の高山では，最終氷期後半の亜氷期における氷河最前進がMIS 3の29cal ka直前に同時に起きた．立山火山は，立山期IとIIの間に水蒸気爆発を起こして類質溶岩片を放出したが，この溶岩片の降下は立山の氷河が後退・前進を開始する原因ではなかった．

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 Long-term geo-environmental changes on a post-fire alpine slope of Mt. Shirouma-dake in the northern Japanese Alps are examined. The fire event occurred on May 9, 2009 on an alpine slope of Mt. Shirouma-dake and spread to Pinus pumila communities and grasslands. The fire resulted in significant damage to P. pumila communities, while that to grassland was minimal. The burning of needles of P. pumila communities exposed the forest floor to atmospheric conditions such as rain, wind, and snow. A map of micro-landforms based on geomorphological field observations was prepared. These micro-landforms were observed for a period of seven years after the fire event. The results do not indicate significant changes to the micro-landforms; however, litter from the forest-floor of burned P. pumila communities was flushed out to surrounding areas. The average thickness of the litter layer of the forest-floor of burned P. pumila communities was 3.5 cm in September 2011, which had decreased to less than 0.5 cm by September 2015. The P. pumila communities on the slope were established on angular and sub-angular gravel having an

texture covered with a thin soil layer. It is necessary to pay attention to soil erosion following the outflow of litter because the soil layer can be easily eroded. In addition, ground temperatures of burned and unburned P. pumila communities were measured from 2009 to determine the influence of fire. Ground temperature sensors were installed in the soil at depths of 1 cm, 10 cm, and 40 cm. Diurnal freeze-thaw cycles occurred at a soil depth of 1 cm on the post-fire slope in October and November from 2011 to 2016. However, these cycles did not occur in 2009 and 2010. In addition, the periods of seasonal frost at depths of 10 cm and 40 cm on the post-fire slope were extended by a period of two weeks in comparison to the unburned P. pumilla community. These thermal changes were triggered by a decrease in the thickness of the litter layer in the burned P. pumila community.

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We studied the relationship between slope processes and plant community structure on the northwestern side of Mt. Fuji. This slope has a stepped microtopography between 2700 and 2950 meters above sea level, with a particularly well-defined structure between 2800 and 2850 m. This stepped microtopography is almost certainly caused by periglacial process and acts as a foundation for the development of islands of plant communities. These communities are concentrated on riser sections of the steps, with virtually no growth on flat, terraced areas. Ground temperature monitoring and paint-line exposure experiments showed that the gravel is unstable on the terraces but stable on the risers. It is proposed that the vegetation distribution is determined by the stability of the surface materials. In addition, variation in snow depth by step component should have an effect on the vegetation distribution. The plant community composition is diverse on the upper slopes; Salix reinii is predominant and mosses are also prominent. The lower slopes are dominated by tree species, including Larix kaempferi and Betula ermanii. L. kaempferi had fewer annual rings with increasing slope elevation, suggesting that populations were established at different times at different altitudes. We predict that primary succession at the tree line has moved to progressively higher elevations on the northwestern slope of Mt. Fuji using the stepped microtopography as a foundation.

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The author investigated periglacial smooth slopes in and around Mt. Yakushidake (2, 926m), the Northern Japan Alps, to discuss geomorphic altitudinal zonation since the later Last Glacial stage.
Present geomorphic altitudinal zonation can be regarded as follows:
Zone I (none): block field zone
Zone II (above 2, 700m): deep reaching and free solifluction zone (periglacial rubble slope zone)
Zone III (2, 400-2, 700m): shallow and partly bound solifluction zone
Slope materials of present periglacial smooth slopes higher than 2, 700m above sea level and adjacent fossil ones have various characteristics, that is, surface rubble layers, structures of particle sorting and/or multi-layers of debris, as well as platy or bladed layers, silt cap and sorted free grain accumulation under boulders. These are assumed to be due to freeze-thaw processes or advances of solifluction lobes. Therefore they can be regarded as good indicators of fossil periglacial slope deposits.
In view of the distribution of fossil periglacial smooth slopes and characteristics of slope materials, geomorphic altitudinal zonation during the later Last Glacial stage is assumed to have been as follows:
Zone I (block field zone): above 2, 500m
Zone II (deep reaching and free solifluction zone; periglacial rubble slope zone): 2, 100 or 2, 200-2, 500m
Zone III (shallow and partly bound solifluction zone): 1, 700-2, 100 or 2, 200m
Though periglacial smooth slopes were formed through the Zone I-II and III, in the Zone III freeze-thaw processes were not so dominant but slope wash and/or alpine debris flows played major roles in their development. Scars of collapses, as well as periglacial smooth slopes, were formed predominantly in the Zone ifi during the Glacial stage.
Periglacial rubble slopes were wider during the period after 4, 500 BP than those in the previous time and in the present. During this period the lower boundary of the periglacial rubble slope zone (Zone II) is assumed to have been placed at about 2, 600m. Taking a broad viewpoint, it coincides with the global cold period after the Hypsithermal (the Neoglaciation).

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