Anger at the violation of a moral standard has been called moral . However, recent research found that only when the victim of a moral violation was oneself (or a member of one's group) did it evoke strong anger. This suggests that the violation of a moral standard itself does not elicit anger, and such anger may be evidence of personal anger evoked by harm to oneself (or a member of one's group). In our study, we assume that moral may be evoked when the likelihood of restoring fairness (e.g., compensation) is expected. We conducted three experiments in which Japanese university students read a newspaper report (fictitious) depicting an abduction case. For half of the participants, the abducted victim was Japanese; for the other half, Slovenian. After reading the news story, they were asked to report the intensity of the feelings of anger and whether the abduction was morally wrong. We found that the report evoked considerable anger only when the abducted victim was Japanese, regardless of whether restoring fairness was actually expected. This indicated that the reported anger provided evidence only of personal anger, not of moral ; thus, the likelihood of restoring fairness is not a determinant of moral . These findings imply that personal anger, rather than moral , is more prevalent in social life.

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義憤（moral ）とは，ある出来事やそれに関与した人物の行動が道義に反しているという知覚によって引き起こされる怒りのことを指す。怒りの研究者たちはこれまで，道徳違反を目の当たりにしたときには義憤が喚起されると仮定してきた。ところが最近の研究によれば（たとえば，Batson, Chao, & Givens, 2009），怒りの喚起は自分（あるいは自分の同胞）が危害を加えられたときにしか確認されず，私憤（personal anger）が怒りの本質であると指摘する者もいる。そこで本研究は，公正に対する敏感さ（justice sensitivity）という人格特性に注目し，義憤とは正しさに過敏に反応する人たちにみられる制限的な感情反応ではないかと予測した。日本人参加者に対して架空の拉致事件に関する新聞記事を読ませ，そのとき感じた怒りの強さを答えさせた。その結果，どんなに公正に敏感な参加者でも，強い怒りは日本人が拉致被害の犠牲になったときにしか報告されず，私憤説に一致する証拠しか確認されなかった。こうした知見を踏まえ，本研究は，私憤がきわめて堅固な反応であるという可能性を指摘した。

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Despite the reported frequency of anger in everyday life, comparatively little is known about the psychological consequences of regulating this emotion. In the present study male and female participants were exposed to a short anger arousing film clip under one of three conditions: Expression (participants were asked to respond spontaneously to the events depicted in the film clip); suppression (participants were asked to inhibit outward expressions of emotion); and substitution (participants were asked to replace feelings of anger with a previously recalled happy memory). Analysis of participants’ emotional state following the period of emotion regulation showed that whereas suppression led to an increase in females’ self reports of anger and related affective states, substitution led to an increase in males’ ratings of anger and related affective states. Analysis of participants’ expressive behavior following the period of anger regulation also showed an increase in expressions of and disgust by female suppressors. Overall, the effects of anger regulation upon expressive behavior were less marked than those for self-reports of emotion. The results are discussed in the wider context of research on gender differences in emotion, the concurrent effects of regulating emotion, and thought suppression.

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This study used experimental methods to compare the emotional state and self-esteem responses of spectators at live sporting events after their supported team lost, with a focus on discrepancies between the results of the event and spectators’ expectations. This study was conducted at the league qualifier games of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup involving the Japan National Soccer Team (Japan vs. Brazil, Japan vs. Italy, and Japan vs. Mexico). The participants were 98 undergraduate students who watched these games. The results indicated that, depending on the magnitude of the discrepancy between the events’ result and the spectators’ expectations, there was clear reinforcement of positive or negative emotions and self-esteem responses (BIRGing and CORFing). There were also indications that discrepancies between the events’ results and the spectators’ expectations were important determinants of emotional arousal and self-esteem responses in the spectators.

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Mihara Memorial Hospital is one of main stroke centers in Gunma prefecture. We have been continuing three medical activities to advance regional stroke emergency medical system. The activities were as follows: (1) develop non-invasive imaging system to improve outcome in patients with acute stroke (Mihara MR stroke protocol), (2) hold stroke simulation training courses such as PSLS and ISLS courses to work for the qualitative improvement in the medical staff, and (3) reinforce prefectural stroke medical system through the activities of Gunma branch of Japan Stroke Association and Gunma Stroke Emergency Network (GSEN: former's task force)
When the above mentioned activities began to go in orbit, the east-Japan great earthquake occurred on March 11. The planned region-specific outage carried out forcibly right immediately after the earthquake.
Most regional stroke centers could not do diagnostic imaging during the outage. It has possibility that regional stroke emergency medical system failed due to the planned region-specific outage. All the relations that it was cultivated through the three medical activities were used, and ambulance transported-patient with acute stroke reception was planned.
We will report the outline of Mihara MRI stroke protocol and the countermeasure against the outage to protect regional stroke emergency medical system.

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Aim: This original oral history research explores the motivation for, and experience of, humanitarian nursing. It demonstrates nursing’s role in relief work, offering a unique record of such remarkable nursing contributions in the late 20th and early 21st century. The formation of modern nursing is often associated with times of conflict, such as the Crimea and other wars, where nurses offered their services. This research adds understanding to the continuing attraction of such work and its place in nursing history and practice.

Methods: Following ethical approval, oral histories were recorded with seven nurses who worked for Médecins Sans Frontières during this period. Analysis used the Listening Guide, a feminist approach employing four related readings of the data.

Results: The histories of these nurses locate their extraordinary experiences within their life and identity as nurses; escapism and moral

, combined with a love of travel and thirst for adventure, influenced their decision to undertake humanitarian work. Once on a mission, their narrative captures the contrast between the ordinary and the extraordinary; familiar routine experiences side by side with mortal danger. Returning to normal life required resilience and a reappraisal of their life story in order to locate their experiences, finding meaning and peace in their post-mission world. An overarching theme of ‘dreams’ includes romance, nightmares and impossible dreams.

Conclusion: At a time of debate and challenge regarding the role and identity of nursing within society, this research records and analyses the oral histories of nurses working with Médecins Sans Frontières at this time.

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わが国の科学技術力の衰退、低迷が止まらない。先日、世界各国のTop10％論文数が公表されたが、日本は長期低迷傾向にあり、今年は２カ国に抜かれ、10位から12位となってしまった。何とヨーロッパ諸国の中で後塵を拝してきたスペインとアジアの隣国韓国に抜かれたのである。その原因は、国の科学技術研究費を抑制してきた財務省/文科省にある。国立大学法人化をきっかけに、国立大学運営費交付金を2004年から毎年1％減らし続け、現在では10％以上減額となっている。厚労省も基礎医学研究に対してバッシングを行い続け、卒後臨床研修制度＝大学否定、日本専門医機構＝学会否定を行ってきた。このアカデミズム否定は、かつての文化大革命を想起させる暴挙である。これらの政策のおかげで日本の研究力は顕著に低下した。そのよい例が今般の新型コロナウイルス感染症対応で露わになった。ワクチン、治療薬ともその開発は、欧米に大きく遅れをとってしまった。これらの科学技術研究を中心とするアカデミズム抑制政策を即刻転換しなければ、日本の科学技術力は本当に地に堕ちる可能性があり、深く憂慮している。　

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Many approaches to political education take it to involve the construction of particular sections of the curriculum in which political matters are addressed - named perhaps “civics” or “citizenship education”. While these approaches have often been beneficial, they are all also problematic and controversial in some degree. Moreover, it is sometimes said that political education operates across a wide range of what happens in educational institutions - for example, in the ways of behaving that are promoted inside and outside the classroom, in the general ethos of the school or college, and through its marking of significant dates or events. The approach adopted in this paper takes a more radical line, however, in that it resists the restriction of the political that these approaches assume. This is not to argue for the mobilization of schools and other educational institutions as instruments of politics. It is rather to try to show that matters of political significance are pervasive in the curriculum. The substance of the curriculum is an expression of what the culture takes to be important and of the values that the culture wishes to pass on. The fostering of those values must have some effect on the kind of society that is then promoted, and indeed this must be inherent in the aims of education.

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After the Great East Japan Earthquake March 11, 2011, result of the power of the electricity and stopping supplies the lifeline of water, electricity, and gas, utilization of the renewable energy; which is one of sustainable resourcess, is reconsidered again in Japan. Especially in Fukushima prefecture, a ground source heat exchange is considered as one of the important sources. However, due to the much cost of digging die ground for the heat exchanger, it is difficult to build generally. In this study, to overcome the cost, it is proposed that the idle well utilized as the heat exchanger. Based on the proposed method, the snow-melting system by the heat sampled from the heat exchanger is build. In this paper, the concept of the proposed system is described. In addition to this, die monitoring system checking and controlling the operation of the proposed system is described. Using the monitoring system, tele-operation of the system is realized.

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Sport consumption experience evokes a variety of emotions. These emotions span from positive (such as being deeply moved or joyous) to negative (such as despair or anger). This session will provide empirical results on emotional experience induced by sport especially focusing on Kando (Deligh) experience.

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