本稿では、日本語・英語のテキストを論理式に変換し、自動推論を行う意味解析システムccg2lambdaの基本的な機能を解説し、特にこのシステムを金融ドキュメントの処理へと応用する試みについて紹介する。ccg2lambdaでは、統語・意味解析から推論までの各モジュールが明確に区別されており、統語情報・意味合成・意味表現をCCG導出木としてグラフィカルに表現する機能をサポートしている。このため、処理プロセスのどの部分で解析エラーが起こったのかを容易に同定することが可能である。ccg2lambdaの意味解析と推論システムについて紹介した上で、特に金融ドキュメントを対象とした含意関係認識と矛盾検知について具体例に基づいて説明する。

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テ形従属節は日本語に頻出する表現であり、複数の用法がある。その用法を計算機で判定することは自然言語処理分野の重要なタスクと言える。そこで本研究では、テ形従属節の用法分類とアノテーションガイドラインの設計を行った。テ形従属節の用法については日本語学分野でさまざまな分類が提案されている。しかし、それらの分類で説明された用法ごとの特徴や例文をそのまま用いてアノテーションガイドラインの作成を試みると、非専門家である作業者にとって判断が難しかったり、複数の用法がアノテーションされたりするという問題点がある。そのため本研究では言語学的テストを用いたアノテーションガイドラインを設計する。言語学的テストとは対象表現が言い換え可能かなどを判定するもので、 それによってアノテーション時の判断が揺れにくくなるとされている。アノテーション時にはガイドラインの言語学的テストを適用することでテ形従属節の出現の用法を判定し、用法タグを付与した。さらに、このようにして構築したコーパスをもとに、BERTを用いて用法判定器を学習する。

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トゲイシムカデ科のメクライシムカデ亜科(Anopsobiinae)は記載例の少ないまれな群で既知6属がある.日本産は村上(1967)によって四国からAnopsobius japonicusが1種だけ記載されており,これはZALESSKAJA(1975)によってAnopsobiellaに含められていた.今回,東京都内の目黒と白金の自然教育園より得られた標本を検討した結果,Anopsobiellaはトゲイシムカデ亜科(Henicopidae)に入れるべきであって,日本産の種に対しては新属を設ける必要があると判断し,Shikokuobius(メクライシムカデ属)を創設記載した.本属は第12-15歩肢に基節腺孔を有することで,ソ連タジク地方産のGhilaroviellaに近いが,基節突起は第15肢にのみ存在することが異なる.

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Salt consumption is high in most parts of the world, particularly among populations in Asia-Pacific region, including Japan. The recent portion of global deaths attributable to excess salt was largest among dietary exposures. We estimated the cancer in 2015 attributable to highly salted food in the Japanese population. Consumption of highly salted food in grams per day was available by sex and age group for 2005 from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey. The optimal consumption of highly salted food for this study was assumed to be 0 g/day. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for stomach cancer, which is positively associated with highly salted food intake in Japan, were estimated for respective sex and age groups according to a standard formula, and aggregated to obtain the PAF among total cancer incidence and mortality. In both sexes, 2.4% of cancer incidence and 2.2% of cancer mortality in 2015 were due to intake of highly salted food. Annually at least 22,000 total cancer cases in Japan could have been prevented by avoiding highly salted food.

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The International Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated red meat as probably carcinogenic and processed meat as carcinogenic to humans. The World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research concluded there is convincing evidence that consumption of processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer. We estimated the number and fraction of cancer incidence and mortality in 2015 that could be attributed to excess red and processed meat consumption in 2005 among the Japanese population. Data on the consumption of red and ptocessed meat, in g/day, by sex and age group, is available for 2005 from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey. For the present study, the optimal consumption of red meat in Japan was considered as less than 500 g/week, or 71.4 g/day, and 0 g/day for processed meat. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for each sex and age group according to a standard formula, and aggregated to obtain the PAF among total cancer incidence and mortality. We found that 0.01% and 0.4% of cancer incidence was attributable to red and processed meat consumption, respectively, while 0.0002% and 0.3% of cancer mortality was attributable to red meat and to processed meat consumption. Based on the current evidence, monitoring red and processed meat consumption may not contribute to reducing cancer incidence and mortality in Japan.

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It is worthwhile to discuss new environmental-related approaches to eating behavior that are effective throughout one’s life course for better nutrition. Salt-reduction programs for children may benefit from strategies that actively engage families and teachers, according to a school-based cluster randomized controlled trial (School-EduSalt) in China to reduce salt intake in children and their families. Considering young people’s lifestyle, a population-based approach for healthy low-risk people is necessary; for example, the use of an educational song consisting of interesting sounds and lyrics as BGM may be effective. Self-monitoring of salt intake or salt concentrations in home seasoning by a versatile salinity meter may be another effective educational approach in reducing salt intake by raising the individual’s awareness on their rate of salt intake. Further, shift workers have increased risk of diet-related chronic conditions due to their eating habits. Moreover, mental illnesses among workers require nutritional approaches because they may have effects on subsequent weight changes. Finally, studies for the eldery suggest the importance of a nutritional approach especially for males living alone to prevent or improve frailty. A three-month approach that included nutritional education for the elderly reduced frailty, and the effects persisted post-intervention. These results are quite encouraging for nutritionists in their efforts to create a vibrant society, despite its incredibly age.

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Background: Although open-ended dietary assessment methods, such as weighed food records (WFRs), are generally considered to be comparable, differences between procedures may influence outcome when WFRs are conducted independently. In this paper, we assess the procedures of WFRs in two studies to describe their dietary assessment procedures and compare the subsequent outcomes.

Methods: WFRs of 12 days (3 days for four seasons) were conducted as reference methods for intake data, in accordance with the study protocol, among a subsample of participants of two large cohort studies. We compared the WFR procedures descriptively. We also compared some dietary intake variables, such as the frequency of foods and dishes and contributing foods, to determine whether there were differences in the portion size distribution and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes caused by the difference in procedures.

Results: General procedures of the dietary records were conducted in accordance with the National Health and Nutrition Survey and were the same for both studies. Differences were seen in 1) selection of multiple days (non-consecutive days versus consecutive days); and 2) survey sheet recording method (individual versus family participation). However, the foods contributing to intake of energy and selected nutrients, the portion size distribution, and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes were similar between the two studies.

Conclusion: Our comparison of WFR procedures in two independent studies revealed several differences. Notwithstanding these procedural differences, however, the subsequent outcomes were similar.

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We compiled 4-day dietary records with digital photographic images of meals to investigate the variation of frequently consumed foods which could enable the development of a dish-based database for dietary assessment in epidemiological studies. We also evaluated the validity of using a digital photographic image as a tool to assess the dietary intake of a food group. Participants in the study were 144 men and women living in urban areas of Japan who were asked to take pictures with a digital camera of all foods and beverages they consumed during 4 consecutive days. Simultaneous dietary records were used as the reference. The dietary intake was independently calculated from the two methods. We found that the variation in intake was high for such seasoning as salt which indicated that the degree of measurement error may be high when a representative portion size for such seasoning was used in a dish-based database. The estimated intake level by two methods was similar for green-yellow vegetables, fruit, fish, meat, eggs, milk and other dairy products, whereas the over/under-estimation for other food groups was too great to be used for accurate assessment. In contrast, the validity for ranking individuals by the estimated multiple-day intake was relatively high, with the exception of beverages, seasonings and spices.

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Consumption of vegetables, fruit and dietary fiber is closely associated with cancer incidence and mortality in the population, especially under conditions of insufficient consumption. We estimated the fraction of cancer incidence and mortality in 2015 attributable to insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruit and dietary fiber in the Japanese population. Consumption of vegetables, fruit and dietary fiber in grams per day, by sex and age group, is available for 2005 from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey. Optimal consumption of vegetables and fruits for this study was assumed to be over 350g and 100g/day, respectively. Optimal consumption of dietary fiber was defined by age group according to the Dietary Reference consumption for Japanese. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were estimated for each sex and age group according to a standard formula, and aggregated to obtain the PAF among total cancer incidence and mortality. Insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruit, and dietary fiber contributed 0.2%, 0.1% and 1.0% of all cancer incidence, and 0.2%, 0.1% and 0.9% of cancer mortality, respectively. The results of this study may provide useful evidence in reducing the cancer burden attributable to insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruit and dietary fiber in Japan.

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人間と機械の間の新たなインターフェースとして知的な対話システムの実現が期待されている．知的な対話システムは対話中の話者の内部状態を推測し，その結果に応じて適切に応答を変更する必要がある．本研究では映画推薦対話を具体例として，対話中の話者内部状態のモデル化とその話者内部状態を踏まえて応答を変更する対話システムの構築に取り組む．映画推薦をドメインとした対話システムを構築し，対話収集を行う．収集した対話データの分析に基づき，話者内部状態を話題に関する知識の有無，話題への興味の有無，対話意欲の有無の3つの軸でモデル化する．モデル化した話者内部状態を収集した対話データにアノテートし，これを学習データとして話者内部状態の自動推定を行った結果，高い推定精度を達成した．また，各話者内部状態に応じてシステムの応答を変更するルールを設計する．学習した話者内部状態推定器を用いて各話者内部状態を判定し，対話システムの応答を変更することでシステム発話の自然さが向上することを対話単位での評価と発話単位での評価の両方で確認した．

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Background: Longitudinal epidemiological studies require both the periodic update of intake information via repeated dietary survey and the minimization of subject burden in responding to questionnaires. We developed a 66-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (short-FFQ) for the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study for the Next Generation (JPHC-NEXT) follow-up survey using major foods from the FFQ developed for the original JPHC Study. For the JPHC-NEXT baseline survey, we used a larger 172-item FFQ (long-FFQ), which was also derived from the JPHC-FFQ. We compared the validity of ranking individuals by levels of dietary consumption by these FFQs among residents of selected JPHC-NEXT study areas.
Methods: From 2012 to 2013, 240 men and women aged 40–74 years from five areas in the JPHC-NEXT protocol were asked to respond to the long-FFQ and provide 12-day weighed food records (WFR) as reference; 228 also completed the short-FFQ. Spearman’s correlation coefficients (CCs) between estimates from the FFQs and WFR were calculated and corrected for intra-individual variation of the WFR.
Results: Median CC values for energy and 53 nutrients for the short-FFQ for men and women were 0.46 and 0.44, respectively. Respective values for the long-FFQ were 0.50 and 0.43. Compared with the long-FFQ, cross-classification into exact plus adjacent quintiles with the short-FFQ ranged from 68% to 91% in men and 58% to 85% in women.
Conclusions: Similar to the long-FFQ, the short-FFQ provided reasonably valid measures for ranking middle-aged and elderly Japanese for many nutrients and food groups. The short-FFQ can be used in follow-up surveys in prospective cohort studies aimed at updating diet rank information.

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Controlling avoidable causes of cancer may save cancer-related healthcare costs and indirect costs of premature deaths and productivity loss. This study aimed to estimate the economic burden of cancer attributable to major lifestyle and environmental risk factors in Japan in 2015. We evaluated the economic cost of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors from a societal perspective. We obtained the direct medical costs for 2015 from the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan, and estimated the indirect costs of premature mortality and of morbidity due to cancer using the relevant national surveys in Japan. Finally, we estimated the economic cost of cancer associated with lifestyle and environmental risk factors. The estimated cost of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors was 1,024,006 million Japanese yen (\) (8,460 million US dollars [$]) for both sexes, and \673,780 million ($5,566 million) in men and \350,226 million ($2,893 million) in women, using the average exchange rate in 2015 ($1 = \121.044). A total of \285,150 million ($2,356 million) was lost due to premature death in Japan in 2015. Indirect morbidity costs that could have been prevented were estimated to be \200,602 million ($1,657 million). Productivity loss was highest for stomach cancer in men (\28,735 million/$237 million) and cervical cancer in women (\24,448 million/$202 million). Preventing and controlling cancers caused by infections including Helicobacter pylori, human papillomavirus and tobacco smoking will not only be life-saving but may also be cost-saving in the long run.

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Background: Analysis of dietary pattern is increasingly popular in nutritional epidemiology. However, few studies have examined the validity and reproducibility of dietary patterns. We assessed the reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns identified by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study (JPHC Study).
Methods: The participants were a subsample (244 men and 254 women) from the JPHC Study. Principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns from 28- or 14-day dietary records and 2 FFQs. To assess reproducibility and validity, we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between dietary pattern scores derived from FFQs separated by a 1-year interval, and between dietary pattern scores derived from dietary records and those derived from a FFQ completed after the dietary records, respectively.
Results: We identified 3 Japanese dietary patterns from the dietary records and 2 FFQs: prudent, westernized, and traditional. Regarding reproducibility, Spearman correlation coefficients between the 2 FFQs ranged from 0.55 for the westernized Japanese pattern in men and the prudent Japanese pattern in women to 0.77 for the traditional Japanese pattern in men. Regarding validity, the corresponding values between dietary records and the FFQ ranged from 0.32 for the westernized Japanese pattern in men to 0.63 for the traditional Japanese pattern in women.
Conclusions: Acceptable reproducibility and validity was shown by the 3 dietary patterns identified by principal component analysis based on the FFQ used in the 5-year follow-up survey of the JPHC Study.

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Background: Evidence for primary prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is insufficient. The population-based prospective Uonuma CKD cohort study aims to explore associations of lifestyle and other risk factors with CKD. We report here the study design and baseline profiles.

Methods: All 67,322 residents aged ≥40 years in Minamiuonuma City, Uonuma City, and Yuzawa Town, Niigata Prefecture, Japan and 11,406 participants who attended local health-check examinations were targeted for baseline questionnaire and biochemical sampling, respectively. Information was gathered from 43,217 (64.2%) questionnaires and 8,052 (70.6%) biochemical samples; 6,945 participants consented to both questionnaire and biochemical sampling at baseline, conducted between fiscal years 2012 and 2015. Participants provided information regarding sociodemographic, lifestyle, and self-reported outcomes. Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured. The primary outcome is CKD based on self-report and biochemical/clinical diagnosis.

Results: Mean age of questionnaire respondents was 63.3 (standard deviation [SD], 12.5) years for men and 64.3 (SD, 13.3) years for women. Among participants who submitted urine samples, median ACR was 10.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 5.0–24.0) mg/g for men and 13.0 (IQR, 7.7–27.0) mg/g for women, and median eGFR was 73.6 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR, 63.5–84.5) for men and 73.5 mL/min/1.73 m² (IQR, 64.4–83.5) for women. ACR 30 mg/g or more was found in 1,741 participants (21.7%) and eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m² in 1,361 participants (16.9%).

Conclusion: The Uonuma CKD cohort study was established to investigate the impact of lifestyle on CKD development and to provide data for preventing the onset and progression of CKD.

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Background: Interest in the physiological roles of amino acids and their impact on health outcomes is substantial and growing. This interest has prompted assessment of the habitual intake of amino acids for use in epidemiologic studies and in clarifying the association between habitual intake and plasma levels of amino acids. Here, we investigated the validity of ranking individuals according to dietary amino acid intake as estimated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in comparison with intakes from dietary records (DRs) and plasma levels.
Methods: A total of 139 men and women selected from examinees of the cancer screening program at the Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Japan, provided 4-day weighed DRs, a semi-quantitative FFQ, and plasma samples. Plasma levels of amino acids were measured using the UF-Amino Station system.
Results: Spearman rank correlation coefficients of energy-adjusted intake of amino acids from the DR and FFQ ranged from 0.40 to 0.65 for men and from 0.35 to 0.46 for women. Correlation coefficients of energy-adjusted intake from the DR and plasma levels ranged from −0.40 to 0.25 for men and from −0.16 to 0.11 for women. Similarly, no significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between intake from the FFQ and plasma levels for either men or women.
Conclusions: We confirmed that this FFQ has moderate validity in estimating amino acid intake when 4-day weighed DRs are used as a reference method, suggesting that it is suitable for ranking individuals living in urban areas in Japan by amino acid intake.

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チャットボットの一機能に，よくある質問集を用いてユーザの質問に答えるFAQ検索がある．FAQ検索は，FAQデータベース内から，ユーザの発話に最もマッチする回答を選択する．本研究では，FAQ検索のモデルとしてオープンドメイン質問応答で有効性が示されているDense Retrieverを用いて，チャットボット事業を通して収集した対話ログから作成したデータでモデルを学習する．ただし，チャットボットを新たに導入する顧客は対話ログが存在しないため，モデルの検索性能が低下する可能性がある．そこで，本研究では，このような場合でも適切に動作するZero-shot FAQ検索を実現するためDense Retrieverの学習時の負例選択方法の比較と，GPT-2を用いた訓練データの拡張を行い，その有効性を検証した．さらに，音声を入出力としたFAQ検索における課題と今後の展望について紹介する．

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