Nowadays, zoos are expected to provide facilities that place importance on the living environment of the animals, which should belong in their natural habitats. In a wild rainforest where chimpanzee's live, understories surround tall trees exceeding 20m in height. Chimpanzees, which are semi-arboreal animals, use them when transferring themselves between the treetop and the ground. At the outdoor chimpanzee facility in the Sapporo Maruyama Zoo, , logs, imitation trees were additionally installed as understory substitutes around the tower, that was introduced for environmental enrichment. The objective of this research is to measure the changes in the behavior of the chimpanzees going up and down the tower caused by the additional elements, reveal its causes, and determine what spatial elements around the base of the tower are effective in guiding the animals up the tower.
 We conducted a behavioral study focusing on the elements used by the chimpanzees during arboreal locomotion on the tower at Sapporo Maruyama Zoo. We separated the tower from its form and its materials into its components, and measured how frequently the tower elements had been used, position of going up and down the tower and trigger elements according to their age.
 As a result, it was discovered that the imitation tree side platforms, logs and gently inclined that were additionally installed around the tower, were highly influential as they were used by the chimpanzees as an opportunity to move up and down the tower. In particular, by placing a side platform on the left side of the base of the tower, it made it easier to go up and down the tower, increased going up and down the tower from the left, and increased the number of movements by the adults. The logs with gentle inclinations subtending less than 40° with the ground were mainly used for the ascents. Also, the inclined at approximately 25° allowed the intersecting to be used in combination and the usage of the as a whole was increased. Direct climbing of the column ceased, as other handholds were now available in the surrounding area. Moreover, the two connecting the exit from the room to the tower were frequently used as a means of aerial movement instead of using the ground. For the Adult group, there was no change in the basic behavior of climbing the tower by using mainly the columns and the composite materials (beams, piers and decks). However, they began to use the side platforms and logs en route to the column. Also, the object they grasped for support in the beginning changed from the thick pipes to the horizontal . In contrast, the Young group showed a major change in the element usage itself, where they used to descend to the ground via the columns, but now they have changed to jumping off the horizontal using its momentum.
 From the above, the following four spatial elements around the base of the tower were found to be effective in guiding the animals up the tower:
 1. Placing a solid footing by the base of the tower. It should be positioned such that the distance between the footing and the objects on the tower that can be grasped is less than the height of the chimpanzee.
 2. Install a slip-resistant diagonal members inclined at less than 40° to the ground with handholds, such as logs with bark.
 3. Place arranged so that they intersect with each other. The inclination of the horizontal should be no more than 25°.
 4. Install an aerial path to the tower without coming down to the ground.

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 This paper proposes an estimation method of the impact force acting on ceiling safety nets in consideration of the distance between ceiling and safety nets. The proposed method utilizes the balance of the potential energy of the falling objects including ceiling boards and the strain energy stored in safety nets or wire after their deformation, in order to obtain the maximum displacement of the safety nets or wire . The structures targeted by the proposed method can be categorized into two types: 1) safety nets or wire solely lying in one way, and 2) safety nets and wire which interact with each other in two dimensions. The collapse patterns of ceiling considered in this paper are the one that can be treated as concentrated load and the one that can be treated as uniformly distributed load.
 The results obtained in this study are as follows:

 (1) It has been confirmed that the finite element analyses can reproduce the result of the static loading experiment in sufficient accuracy, in which the load-displacement relation of the ceiling safety nets has nonlinear characteristic.

 (2) The impact force acting on safety nets or wire solely lying in one way can be estimated as the vertical reaction force by adapting the maximum displacement on the relation of the vertical force and the displacement. Due to the difficulty originating from the geometrical nonlinearity, the vertical force-displacement relation and the horizontal force of the distributed load are obtained by finite element analyses, whereas those of the concentrated load are obtained by theory.

 (3) The impact force acting on safety nets and wire which interact with each other in two dimensions can be estimated as done in the above case. The maximum displacement of the structure is calculated by adding the maximum displacement of each structural element.

 The proposed method has been applied to some examples to examine the influence of the distance between ceiling and safety nets on the impact force. It has been concluded by the results obtained through these examples that the distance between ceiling and safety nets seriously affects the impact force and should be considered in estimation.

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The mesh sides and in net or rope system were modeled by the straight-line elements having only resistance to traction load. Fishing nets and can be regarded as the assemblies of such elements connecting together with a non-frictional hinge. A numerical procedure for analyzing the equilibrium configuration and tension of submerged fishing net and rope system, from given loads and arbitrarily initial shape of such structures, is presented. The algorithm accepts the shape-dependent hydrodynamic loads on and netting. The effect of the initially assumed shape of the system on the global computation convergence is discussed and illustrated by some numerical examples.

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This study investigated the mechanical properties of polymeric fiber

for harvesting wind energy using an airborne wind rotor at high altitudes. The tensile fracture load and rigidity of the are very important for the safety issue and the efficiencies of the power transfer from the wind rotor to the ground. Our results indicated that the tensile fracture load of the decrease as the number of torsion increases, and that there are no significant differences in the power transfer efficiencies of three rope samples used in this experiment, i.e., cotton, cremona, and nylon rope samples. Thus, our finding suggested that nylon can be the most proper material among the three rope samples from the safety improvement for harvesting wind energy using an airborne wind rotor.

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To analyze the dynamic evolutions between the draft tube pressure pulsations and vortex of a Francis turbine, the runaway transient process of a hydropower system is simulated by coupling a one-dimensional model of the water conveyance system and a three-dimensional model of the Francis turbine. The results show that the annular-distributed pressure pattern at the entrance of the draft tube breaks and induces small vortex , which then merge into an eccentric-distributed helical one with the transient operating point moving away from the rating region. In this process, low frequency pressure pulsations form and continue to strengthen. When the operating point moves to the runaway point, the vortex keep dividing and merging irregularly, causing random-like pressure pulsations.

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A ghost interference was caused by Akashi Kaikyo Bridge when its hunger- were under construction as the first case in japan. We simulated the interference by original program for hunger- of suspension bridges. This paper presents the simulation and a result of field verification test we have confirmed fits for the simulation.

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We found a new class of solutions for MHD equations that satisfies the condition that cylindrical flux can expand self-similarly even when the polytropic index γ is larger than 1. We achieved this by including the effects of elongation along the symmetry axis as well as radial expansion and assuming that the radial expansion rate is the same as the elongation rate. In previous studies (Osherovich et al., 1993a, 1995), a class of self-similar solutions was described for which cylindrical flux expand only in the medium where γ is less than 1. We compare the models including elongation and excluding elongation observationally by using the WIND key parameters. The difference in the fitting results of the magnetic field between these two models is slight. However the fitting of the velocity is improved when elongation is included and when new geometric parameters that are necessary to represent the elongation are introduced. The values of these parameters are almost the same scale as the radius of flux , which is consistent with the assumption of the isotropic expansion. This new exact solution to a time-dependent two-dimensional MHD problem can also be used to test numerical codes.

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ノトポラ・ショムブルギイの花粉形態を光学顕微鏡と走査型電子顕微鏡, 透過型電子顕微鏡で観察した.ポレンキット・ロープ(Hesse, 1981による用語)が観察され, これは本種で初めての報告である.このロープは透過型電子顕微鏡による電子密度では脂質様(ポレンキット様)であるが, アセトリシス処理にはある程度の耐性があった.

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In this paper, the reduction of the displacement responses of the elevator

under earthquake excitation has been investigated. The simultaneous vibrations of main rope and compensation rope in a high-rise building under earthquake excitation have been simulated. The varying length of rope is considered that caused the variation of other rope parameters such as mass, damping and stiffness. In order to reduce displacement responses of the compensation rope and the main rope, an actuator device which will change the tension of the is applied at the compensation sheave. The vibrations of both are analyzed by solving numerically the governing equations. A controller is proposed to restrain the displacement responses of the both . A Genetic Algorithm which minimizes the displacement of the and optimizes the control parameters, is introduced and applied to the high-rise elevator rope under earthquake excitations. The expected parameters are provided by standard deviation method. By using the expected control parameters, the proposed method is applied to control the vibrations of both under some cases of earthquakes which are different with the earthquakes in Genetic Algorithm process. The results of the simulation validate the effectiveness of the proposed control method for reducing the displacement responses of the .

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Fiber have recently been drawing attention as alternative materials for mooring lines or towing hawsers. The advantage of the fiber is that they are lighter in weight than the conventional steel chains or the wire . They also have better characteristics in the corrosion resistance and the flexibility. It is known, however, that most of the breaking of fiber occurred at the points where they rub against something such as fairleaders, bollard or bitt. Therefore in order to use the fiber for mooring lines or hawsers, the fatigue strength and the abrasion characteristics should be fully examined. In this paper the effect of abrasion on the decrease of the strength of fiber is investigated experimentally. The residual strength of model were measured after they were rubbed against a rotating steel drum for certain periods. 8 strand made of nylon were used and 5 different amount of tensions were imposed on the . From the study the following conclusions were obtained. (1) tension vs residual strength The residual strength decreases in proportion to the tension when the number of abrasion is constant. (2) number of abrasion vs residual strength The residual strength decreases in proportion to the logarithm of the number of abrasion when the tension is constant. From these results it can be said that the effect of tensions on the decrease of the residual strength of fiber is much larger than that of the number of abrasion. Therefore a sufficient safety factor should be taken into account for the tension acting on the fiber .

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We have used a three dimensional global magnetohydrodynamic simulation to model the response of the magnetosphere to an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with B_z < 0 and B_y ≠ 0 in order to study the origin and evolution of magnetic flux in the magnetotail. The southward IMF leads to dayside magnetic reconnection followed by reconnection on closed plasma sheet field lines. When there initially was no IMF B_y in the plasma sheet, reconnection led to the formation of a plasmoid composed of a quasi-two dimensional closed magnetic loop structure. When IMF B_y reached the equatorial region the quasi-two dimensional plasmoid became a magnetic flux rope. For IMF B_y ≠ 0 initially in the plasma sheet the reconnection immediately led to the formation of a flux rope structure. The pitch of the flux rope field lines is determined by the amount of B_y. For the case with no initial B_y in the plasma sheet the pitch was relatively large while when B_y ≠ 0 initially the flux rope resembled a flux tube lying across the tail. Flux in the magnetotail consist of closed, open and IMF field lines. The open and IMF field lines in the flux rope become attached to the IMF when closed field lines in the flux rope reconnect with IMF field lines at the flank magnetopause. Flux can move tailward before all of the closed field lines have reconnected. This is primarily caused by the tension on IMF field lines which drape over the flux rope when lobe field lines reconnect. However the tailward velocity is less for flux than for plasmoids because of the connection to the Earth. In the simulation closed flux rope field lines are found over 100R_E down the tail.

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A set of nineteen specific magnetic field structures in distant (≈220 R_e) ISEE 3 magnetotail plasma sheet observations are analyzed. These were initially chosen on the basis of strong central (core) fields compared to nearby lobe field strengths by Slavin et al. (1995); the selection criteria by design did not include field directional changes. This present study starts with the same set of events as Slavin et al. Further discrimination is done on the basis of how well the signatures are fit by a force-free flux rope field model. This model was earlier applied successfully to magnetotail flux where GEOTAIL field data were used. In general the ISEE 3 study yields average properties for the flux that are similar to those of the GEOTAIL study, which had only about half the number of events, and hence, it strongly supports that earlier study. One difference in the results of these studies, however, is the greater longitudinal spread of rope-axes in the present study, and this feature, related flux rope current systems, and other properties are discussed. The results of this study should provide rigid constraints on global models of tail current systems associated with tailward moving flux related to substorms.

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A zero-pressure balloon used for scientific observation in the stratosphere has an unmanageable limitation that its floating altitude decreases during a nighttime because of temperature drop of the lifting gas. Since a super-pressure balloon may not change its volume, the lifetime can extend very long. We had introduced so called the ‘lobed-pumpkin’ type of super-pressure balloon that can realize a full-scale long-duration balloon and it will be in practical use in the very near future. As for larger super-pressure balloons, however, we still have some potential difficulties to be resolved. We here propose a new design suitable for a larger super-pressure balloon, which is roughly ‘lobed pumpkin with lobed cylinder’ and can adapt a single design for balloons of a wide range of volumes. Indoor inflation tests were successfully carried out with balloons designed and made by the method. It has been shown that the limit of the resisting pressure differential for a new designed balloon is same as that of a normal lobed-pumpkin balloon.

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There are various prevention methods of mooring breaking on board. These methods are Rope Protector, Rubber Protector, Serving, Racking, Splicing on a part of rope near a fair leader and so on. The effect of these methods is not researched well and depends upon seaman's experience. Rubber Protector, Canvas Protector and Splicing are chosen as the subjects of the study. Mooring are trailed on boards and the quays, and then it is feared that mooring are stained with something like sands. The strength of with sands is researched, too. In this paper, the strength of mooring is examined under the repeated load in order to evaluate prevention methods of mooring breaking on board. The obtained results are summarized as follows : (1) Splicing on a part of rope near a fair leader is more effective than Rubber Protector or Canvas Protector in all. (2) Without prevention methods, sands make the strength of weakened. (3) Prevention methods can keep the strength of with sands.

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For the better understanding of carbon cycle in the northwestern North Pacific where rough sea condition frequently refuses oceanographic observation by research vessel, time-series observation for the biogeochemistry with mooring system has been requested strongly. Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO) challenged to deploy the mooring system that is anchored on the sea floor at > 5,000 m depth and its top with automatic instruments is located in the euphotic layer, upper 30–50 m. In order to enable this deployment, behaviors of mooring system such as tilt and depth for instruments during deployment and observation were simulated, and precise lengths of wire and nylon

used for mooring systems were measured under the mooring tension on land. Based on these procedures, two types mooring systems were deployed at stations K-1 (51°N, 165°E) and K-3 (39°N, 160°E) in October 2002 and recovered in November 2003. Mooring systems were successfully deployed within 300 m from a "target" points and depths of top of mooring systems could be located between 40–60 m for K-1 mooring and 50–70 m for K-3 mooring as we designed except high current period.

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The author has investigated on the effect of elastic property of rope to the amount of the movement of ship and to the tension of the rope, in some cases of mooring the ship or towing the ship by tug. The results are as follows: -1) In case of mooring, the elastic properties of do not affect to the tensions, so it is advisable to use wire because the amount of the movement of ship becomes smaller. 2) But when heaving and or pitching motions, or horizontal movements of a ship are caused by wave, swell, surge etc., the elastic properties of affect to the tensions, so it is better to use fibre . 3) In case of towing a ship by tug or the berthing prosedure of a ship, and when tug boat or the ship having initial speed (these are nomal cases), the elastic properties of affect on the tensions of , so it is better to use fibre .

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The fatigue properties of stainless steel wire with 19 strands developed for a functional electrical stimulation (FES) electrode in simulated body fluids were investigated. The wire were made of a new austenite stainless steel (Fe–22Cr–10Ni–6Mn–2Mo–0.4N alloy) and Type 316L stainless steel. Fatigue properties of the wire were evaluated in Hanks’ solution and 1 mass% lactic acid solution at 310 K using a dual axel-driven rotating-bending fatigue machine. After fatigue testing, the wire were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the metal ion concentrations in the solutions were quantitatively determined. Corrosion products in the solutions were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Under low maximum cyclic bending stress level, the Fe–22Cr–10Ni–6Mn–2Mo–0.4N alloy wire rope exhibited a higher cyclic life than the Type 316L stainless steel wire rope. Metal ion concentrations in the lactic acid solution increased with increasing of number of fatigue cycles, and no corrosion products were detected. In Hanks’ solution, ferric oxyhydroxides (FeOOH) were formed as corrosion products during fatigue testing and the concentrations of metal ions were lower than those in the lactic acid solution for cyclic tests over 10⁴ cycles.

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Recent years, a few companies made Ti-Ni superelastic wire

. The advantages of Ti-Ni superelastic wire are high damping capacity, long fatigue life, and large bending flexibility and large responsively. The aim of present study is to investigate the effect of design of the wire rope on stress hysteresis, superelastic strain and dissipated strain energy by using tensile tester. The shape of wire rope was 3x0.1 mm (3-strand wires), 3x0.14 mm, 3x0.2 mm, 7x0.1 mm (7-strand wires), 7x0.14 mm and 7x0.2 mm. Transformation temperatures were measured with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The mechanical properties were measured by tensile test at 25 ̊C. Larger stress hysteresis and dissipated strain energy were observed for the wires with large diameter. The stress of stress induced martensitic transformation and hysteresis were increased with increase the number of wires in Ti-Ni wire rope. It was found that the best specimen to absorb vibration was the 7-strand wire with a diameter of 0.2 mm.

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