第1音節の声調が語全体のピッチを決定する上海語では，陽入声が初頭にくる4音節語でのみ2種類のピッチ変種が観察されるが，これらの変種がどのような関係にあるのかは未解決の問題であった。本稿では形態統語構造に注目して変種の出現分布を調査し，従来の報告にあった2種類に加えてもう1種類の変種が存在すること，変種の出現分布は形態統語構造の影響を大きく受け，特に2+2変種と第2音節連結変種は「2音節名詞＋2音節名詞」の環境でしか出現しないことを示す。さらに本稿では，なぜ上記2変種が「2音節名詞＋2音節名詞」でしか出現しないのかを考察する。2+2変種では形態統語構造によるフット形成方法の違い，第2音節連結変種では上海語のトーンサンディーの通時変化プロセスに注目することで出現分布を説明できる。

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In today's product manufacturing industry, for maintaining a high-quality design, it becomes important to not only reuse past design results, but also share and utilize information about design intention. Research within the CAD industry supports the value of retaining the design information and intention. We focused on retaining the temporary expressions of design intention, and developed a system that is able to exchange and share such information easily. This is a report about the application of this system to an actual product design and manufacturing processes.

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In this paper, a new framework that works the automatic execution with less design cycle time and human intervention bottlenecks is introduced to optimize the vortex shedder design by numerical integration method. This framework is based on iSIGHT combined with the pre-processor GAMBIT, and flow analysis software FLUENT. Two vortex shedders, circular with slit and triangular- semi circular cylinder, are employed as the designed models to be optimized, and DOE driver is used for optimization. According to the essential properties of a vortex shedder, it has found that the best diameters are 30mm for circular cylinder with slit and 30 to 35 mm for tri-semi cylinder. For slit ratio, 0.1 and 0.15 are the optimized values for circular with slit and tri-semi cylinder respectively. And it is found that these optimal results generated by DOE automated design cycle are in well agreement with the experiment.

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Ventilation (VE) increases linearly with the increase of carbon dioxide output (VCO2) during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. VE-VCO2 slope rises in parallel with exercise intensity, reaches a turning point (called the RC point), then steepens because of respiratory compensation for lactic acidosis. While this RC point can be identified universally, it is undetectable in some patients. In this study we evaluated whether the respiratory compensation during exercise testing has clinical significance in cardiac patients. In total, 152 cardiac patients with a respiratory exchange ratio at peak exercise (peak R) of between 1.10 and 1.20 were enrolled. Cardiopulmonary parameters were compared between patients who manifested the RC point (n = 118) and those who did not (n = 34). The peak R did not significantly differ between these two groups. Compared to the patients without the RC point, those with the RC point had a higher oxygen uptake at peak exercise (peak VO2) (20.2 ± 5.3 vs 13.6 ± 3.4 mL/min/kg, p < 0.001), higher anaerobic threshold (AT) (12.4 ± 3.2 vs 9.2 ± 2.3 mL/min/kg, p < 0.001), and lower VE-VCO2 slope (31.7 ± 5.8 vs 37.8 ± 9.6, p = 0.001). Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) tended to be lower in the patients with the RC point (175.4 ± 364.7 vs 327.9 ± 381.1 pg/mL, p = 0.067). Peak VO2, the marker of cardiopulmonary function, was found to be the independent predictor of the presence of the RC point. The present findings suggest that the phenomenon of respiratory compensation during heavy exercise indicates better cardiopulmonary function in cardiac patients within a prescribed range of effort.

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Trimethylolpropane triesters are biodegradable synthetic lubricant base oil alternative to mineral oils, polyalphaolefins and diesters. These oils can be produced from trimethylolpropane (TMP) and fatty acid methyl esters via chemical or enzymatic catalyzed synthesis methods. In the present study, a commercial palm oil derived winter grade biodiesel (ME18) was evaluated as a viable and sustainable methyl ester source for the synthesis of high oleic trimethylolpropane triesters (HO-TMPTE). ME18 has fatty acid profile containing 86.8% oleic acid, 8.7% linoleic acid with the remaining minor concentration of palmitic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid. It’s high oleic property makes it superior to produce synthetic lubricant base oil that fulfills both the good low temperature property as well as good oxidative stability. The synthetic base oil produced had a viscosity of 44.3 mm²/s at 40°C meeting the needs for ISO 46 oils. It also exhibited an excellent viscosity index of 219 that is higher than some other commercial brands of trimethylolpropane trioleate. Properties of base oil such as cloud point, density, acid value, demulsibility and soap content were also examined. The oil was then used in the formulation of tapping oil and appraised in term of adaptability, stability and field test performance.

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As the deep water drilling technology continues to evolve, sub-salt basins has become one of the most prospective targets for hydrocarbon reserves. Even though sub-salt is a difficult target for seismic imaging, various advanced technologies have been developed in the lost decade and difficulties encountered in the new prospect have been reduced. New seismic acquisition technologies such as broadband seismic, full-azimuth and ultra-long offset acquisition mitigate the problems from the presence of salt. Sub-salt imaging techniques has also evolved with the aid of the advanced new acquisition technology, high oil price, and low cost high performance computing (HPC). Anisotropic RTM has became a usual technique in the Gulf of Mexico, and FWI grows in use and popularity nowadays.

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