This letter presents a technique that observes system call mapping behavior of the proxy kernel layer of secure container runtimes. We applied it to file system operations of a secure container runtime, gVisor. We found that gVisor's operations can become more expensive than the native by 48× more syscalls for open, and 6× for read and write.

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Power consumption has become an increasing concern in high performance microprocessor design. Especially, Instruction Cache (I-Cache) contributes a large portion of the total power consumption in a microprocessor, since it is a complex unit and is accessed very frequently. Several studies on low-power design have been presented for the power-efficient cache design. However, these techniques usually suffer from the restrictions in the traditional Instruction Fetch Unit (IFU) architectures where the fetch address needs to be sent to I-Cache once it is available. Therefore, work to reduce the power consumption is limited after the address generation and before starting an access. In this paper, we present a new power-aware IFU architecture, named Analysis Before Starting an Access (ABSA), which aims at maximizing the power efficiency of the low-power designs by eliminating the restrictions on those low-power designs of the traditional IFU. To achieve this goal, ABSA reorganizes the IFU pipeline and carefully assigns tasks for each stages so that sufficient time and information can be provided for the low-power techniques to maximize the power efficiency before starting an access. The proposed design is fully scalable and its cost is low. Compared to a conventional IFU design, simulation results show that ABSA saves about 30.3% fetch power consumption, on average. I-Cache employed by ABSA reduces both static and dynamic power consumptions about 85.63% and 66.92%, respectively. Meanwhile the performance degradation is only about 0.97%.

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Generally, in order to learn about a certain quality of a population, a small portion (sample) is extracted and analyzed for the desired property. In order to obtain accurate information, the sample has to represent the stream it is taken from (plant feed, intermediate product, and/or final product). In materials processing sampling of materials (powders or slurries) is very important to the quality control and quality assurance purposes. This sample can be too large and has to be further subdivided, or too small and a two-stage sampler has to be introduced. In most cases, the desired property is determined by analyzing a sample as small as a few milligrams. In this regard, obtaining a representative sample is not as straightforward as it sounds. For homogeneous materials, it is easy to use statistical probabilities to estimate numbers and sizes of samples that accurately represent the whole population. However, this is not so easy in the actual practice especially dealing with inhomogeneous materials. Therefore, sampling representativeness, perhaps the most important aspect of sampling practice is emphasized in this paper. Sampling strategies and equipment for dry materials and slurries are discussed with links to related literature and sampling equipment manufacturers.

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This study aimed to determine the frequency of isolation and prevalence of drug resistance in nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB) other than Pseudomonas aeruginosa and predisposing factors for the acquisition of nosocomial infections caused by these emerging pathogens in a Saudi tertiary care hospital. A total of 125 nonduplicating NFGNB nosocomial strains were isolated, of these, 68 (54.4%) were Acinetobacter baumannii, 26 (20.8%) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 14 (11.2%) Alcaligenes faecalis, 12 (9.6%) Chryseobacterium indologenes, and 5 (4%) Ralstonia pickettii. MICs of 11 antibiotics were determined using the reference broth microdilution method. With the exception of colistin that inhibited 100% of A. baumannii isolates, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole that inhibited 100% of S. maltophilia isolates, and carbapenems that inhibited 100% of A. faecalis isolates, none of the tested antimicrobial agents inhibited 100% of the other NFGNB spp. Our results emphasize that clinicians and microbiologists should consider A. faecalis, C. indologenes, and R. pickettii as emerging nosocomial pathogens. In addition, local resistance data are essential for helping physicians in deciding an appropriate antibiotic for empirical therapy of infections with these emerging and unusual NFGNB.

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1997-2007年にセイタカシギの一夫二妻（二雌トリオ）の抱卵活動について，共同巣に産卵した3例，同時的2巣に産卵した2例，そして継時的3巣に産卵した1例について調査を行った。共同巣を持った1例目の両親と娘からなるトリオは，両親のみが抱卵活動を行った。2例目の3羽の成鳥からなるトリオは，全ての成員が抱卵活動に参与したが，優位雌が抱卵中の劣位雌を巣から追い出す妨害をたびたび行った。3例目の両親と娘からなるトリオでは，すべての成員が抱卵活動に協同的に従事した。同時的2巣を持った2例のトリオでは，すべての成員が両巣の抱卵に関与したが，両巣への関わりの程度は個体により異なった。継時的3巣を持った1例のトリオでは雄は3巣すべての抱卵活動に参与し，優位雌は第1と第3の巣の抱卵に，劣位雌は第2と第3の巣の抱卵に参与した。共同巣では，各個体にとって1羽で二腹全ての卵を抱卵することは物理的に難しかった。同時的2巣と継時的3巣では雄が劣位雌の巣よりも優位雌の巣でより多くの抱卵活動を行った。トリオでの孵化成功の割合は一夫一妻のつがいと較べ有意差はなかった。そのためセイタカシギのトリオ形成は雛の孵化に関しては一夫一妻の場合と較べて利益があるとは言えなかった。雛の孵化には共同巣を持った1例のトリオと同時的2巣を持った1例のトリオ，そして継時的3巣を持ったトリオが成功した。育雛活動に関しては，継時的3巣を除いた2つのトリオでは，全ての成員が育雛なわばりの防衛に貢献した。中でも同時的2巣のトリオでは全ての成員が抱雛活動，雛の防衛活動，育雛なわばりの見張り活動にも貢献した。トリオ形成は一夫一妻のつがいに較べ，つがいの育雛行動の負担が軽減される点で利益があると言える。

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This research explores how robots can be used to protect parties to a conflict and civilians from suicide bombings in conflict areas under the international humanitarian law. This paper examines the issue from the perspectives of robotics and international law using a real robot. In this paper, the articles of international humanitarian law are interpreted, and a framework required for robotic systems is proposed. From the perspective of the principle of distinction, the principle of proportionality, and the principle of precaution, ideas are presented to calculate the legal indicators named “certainty,” “effort,” “nexus possibility,” “necessity,” and “collateral damage.”

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Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail apparatus caused by dermatophytes, Candida and non-dermatophytic molds. It is highly prevalent in the general population worldwide and also responsible for significant morbidity and complications and does not usually cure itself. Thus, the condition needs to be treated in view of physical and psychological problems produced. Currently, oral medications using terbinafine are the most effective therapy, but it has relatively limited therapeutic success, particularly for long-term management. Such existing oral therapies are associated with high recurrence rates and treatment failure, as well as with potential adverse events and drug-drug interactions. In the light of these issues, development of more efficacious and safer alternatives for the treatment of onychomycosis is warranted.
Ravuconazole and its prodrugs are promising new drug candidates for oral therapy of onychomycosis, among which a water-soluble prodrug, mono-lysine phosphoester derivative (E1224 or BFE1224) is in the most advanced stage of clinical development; a Phase II dose-finding study has been successfully completed and Phase III comparative studies are in progress in Japan.
This review aims to summarize our current status of knowledge and information on ravuconazole and its prodrugs, particularly BFE1224, as the potential oral treatment option for onychomycosis. It also summarize the clinical features of onychomycosis with particular stress on its etiology, epidemiology, and current therapeutic options and their limitations. Given its clinical usefulness, BFE1224 may become a valuable addition to the current armamentarium for the treatment of onychomycosis.

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Long-term maintenance of plant cells in tissue culture is known to induce somaclonal variation in regenerated plants. Here we examined somaclonal variation in regenerated plants of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) using cytological and molecular analyses. Forty nine 10-mer and 12-mer arbitrary primers were used to amplify DNAs extracted from sixty plants regenerated after more than two years of callus culture originally derived from bulb tissues. Sixteen primers were found to produce 34 polymorphic bands in the regenerated plants, including both loss of parental bands and appearance of novel, non-parental bands. The presence of polymorphic fragments among the regenerants indicates that genomic alterations occurred during the long-term culture of the cells. Although no variation was observed from karyotype analysis, the present study revealed the high frequency of the occurrence of somaclonal mutations at the DNA level during the callus culture of Easter lily.

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目的：白内障手術装置Centurion Active

のハンドピースINTREPID Hybrid Tipについて破囊軽減効果と核処理効率を検証した．対象および方法：豚眼実験において意図的に破囊させたときのtorsional powerをBalancedTipとHybrid Tipで比較した．また，実際の白内障手術を行った525眼について術中の超音波累積エネルギー（CDE）値と核処理時間に関してHybrid TipとBalanced Tipで後ろ向きに比較検討した．結果：豚眼実験では後囊破損を生じるtorsional powerは，Balanced Tipを使用した場合，ベベルダウン/サイド/アップ条件でそれぞれ41.7±2.4％，40.0±7.1％，28.3±11.8％であったのに対し，Hybrid Tipを使用した場合，98.3±2.4％，96.7±4.7％，95.0±4.1％であり，Hybrid Tipでは有意に破囊は生じにくかった（p＜0.01）．また，実際の白内障手術においては核硬度が2以下では核処理に要したCDE値と核処理時間には両群間に差はなかった．しかし，核硬度が2.5～3の場合，Hybrid TipではCDE値のみが有意に上昇した．結論：INTREPID Hybrid Tipは破囊リスクを低減させ，白内障手術の安全性に寄与するものと考えられた．

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1986年6月7日から同年10月2日，東海地区某工場において歩行侵入虫の工場外周囲発生地における消長調査と駆除・侵入防止を目的とした実地防除試験を行った．

1) 外周囲における歩行虫捕獲数は6月（81匹），7月（204匹），8月（889匹）と月を追うごとに増加した．8月に獲った虫の殆どはハサミムシ類であり，9月以降も同様状態が続くものと推測された．

2) 発生源及び侵入口周囲に対しDiazinonMC懸濁剤希釈液（Diazinon0.46％)を1m²当り150ml動力散布し，あわせてDiazinon・Carbary1混合粉剤を1m²当り20g散粉すると有効であった．すなわち，発生地における捕獲数を処理1週間後に約95％減少させ，その効果は1か月間以上続いた．また工場内における歩行侵入虫捕獲数も2週間目で0となり，1か月後まで捕獲数は僅かであった．

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Heart failure (HF)-related hospitalization is associated with significant mortality and morbidity and can be prevented by early intervention. Implantable sensors detect early pathophysiological changes in HF, using an accelerometer, a paced electrogram, impedance and pressure sensors in implanted intracardiac leads, or stand-alone devices. Such sensors monitor daily activity, QT and ST intervals, pulmonary fluid, and intracardiac pressures at various points. Sensor data are available either by patient’s or physician’s regular interrogation, or using remote patient monitoring. Different sensors have different levels of sensitivity and specificity for HF detection, and they have the ability to antedate HF exacerbation and thereby allow for the initiation of intervention to avert decompensation. Clinical studies suggest that alone or in combination, such sensors have a greater beneficial impact than conventional therapy on acute HF outcome.

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Chryseobacterium species are widely distributed in the environment. They are rarely found in hospital settings causing nosocomial infections. Limited data is available regarding their epidemiology, clinical significance and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. This study was aimed to identify different species of Chryseobacterium using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and to correlate clinically with antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in a tertiary care hospital in north India. We also performed phenotypic tests, which may be useful to differentiate this bacterium from other non-fermenters. A total of 20 isolates of Chryseobacterium spp. were identified over a period of 3 years. Chryseobacterium indologenes (18/20) was the most common species isolated followed by Chryseobacterium gleum (2/20) from various clinical samples. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed. Susceptibility to rifampicin was observed at a maximum (75%) followed by piperacillin-tazobactum (45%). Susceptibility against imipenem, meropenem, cotrimoxazole and cefoperazone-sulbactum were observed approximately 33%. Amikacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime showed least susceptibility results. Further clinical correlation was established.

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An Enterobacter cloacae strain (E. cloacae F3S3) that was collected as part of a project to assess antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from bioethanol fermentation facilities demonstrated high levels of resistance to antibiotics added prophylactically to bioethanol fermentors. PCR assays revealed the presence of canonical genes encoding resistance to penicillin (ampC) and erythromycin (ermG). Assays measuring biofilm formation under antibiotic stress indicated that erythromycin induced biofilm formation in E. cloacae F3S3. Planktonic growth and biofilm formation were observed at a high ethanol content, indicating E. cloacae F3S3 can persist in a bioethanol fermentor under the highly variable environmental conditions found in fermentors.

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The Epidemiological Investigation Committee for Human Mycoses in Japan performed a retrospective epidemiological survey of candidemia and causative Candida species. Data from 2003 to 2014 were collected from 10 Japanese university hospitals. A total of 328,318 blood cultures were included. The prevalence of fungi in all cultures and in positive cultures were 0.58±0.09% and 4.46±0.66%, respectively. Among the results that were positive for Candida species (N=1,921), Candida albicans was the most common species (39.5%) and was followed by Candida parapsilosis (23.3%), Candida glabrata (13.2%), Candida tropicalis (7.1%), Candida krusei (3.2%), and others (13.7%). During the last 6 years, the frequency of C. albicans has significantly decreased in Japan, while that of C. glabrata has increased. Additional surveys are needed to continuously monitor the trends in the distribution of candidemia.

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Staphylococcus lugdunensis (SL) is a bacterium with a highly pathogenicity than most other coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CoNS). In Japan, data on this pathogen are sparse, and the current prevalence of SL bacteremia is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of SL in blood culture specimens in a prospective multicenter study across 5 facilities. A total of 3,284 patients had positive blood cultures, and 2,478 patients had bacteremia. Among the patients with bacteremia, 7 patients (0.28%) had SL bacteremia. A total of 281 patients had CoNS bacteremia, with SL accounting for 2.49% of these cases. Of the 7 patients with SL bacteremia, 1 patient (14.3%) had infective endocarditis, and 1 patient (14.3%) died within 30 days. In this study, SL resulted in the development of bacteremia in select patients. Clinicians in Japan should be aware of the prevalence of SL and the complications of SL bacteremia.

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To clarify the factors for occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli in broilers, two flocks (1 day of age) fed a diet with or without antibiotics were kept in a broiler house sanitized with disinfectants. ESBL-producing E. coli, however, was detected at a concentration of over 10⁶ CFU/g of feces at 9 days of age to 49 days of age in both broiler flocks. Therefore, this indicated that the antibiotics other than cephalosporins used in this study had no effect due to co-selection on the numbers of ESBL-producing E. coli in broiler feces during this period. When a flock was kept with diet containing antibiotics for 49 days in a laboratory animal room, no ESBL-producing E. coli was detected in the flock. These results suggest that the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli may not be related to feeding with antibiotics and that the contamination of broiler houses with ESBL-producing E. coli might be an important factor.

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世界保健機関が無償提供している微生物検査結果解析ソフトWHONET を使用して5 施設で抗菌薬感受性結果の解析を行った．2003 年から2005 年の3 年間に前橋赤十字病院で分離されたStreptococcus pneumoniaeのlevofloxacin（LVFX）耐性率3.8％（26/684 株）は，他の4 施設の耐性率0.5％（8/1717 株）に比べて有意に高かった（p＜0.001）．特別な介入を実施しなかったが，2006 年に当院での本耐性率は0.9％（2/221 株）となり，他の4 施設の耐性率1.3％（9/717 株）と有意差はなくなった（p＝0.574）．本耐性菌の86％（24/ 28 株）は68 歳以上の患者から分離されており，71％（20/28 株）は外来受診時，入院当日，入院翌日に提出された検体から分離されていた．本耐性菌が分離された患者の居住する地域や分離された時期に偏りは認められなかった．1 つの菌株が同時に耐性を獲得している薬剤の種類（耐性プロファイル）を解析すると，同じ月に同じ耐性プロファイルを持ったLVFX 耐性S. pneumoniaeは分離されていなかった．これらのことから，同一菌株による市中でのアウトブレイクの可能性は低いと考えられた．当院で2003 年から2005 年に本耐性率が高かった原因と2006 年に耐性率が低下した原因を明らかにすることはできなかったが，まだ稀である耐性菌を多施設で解析することにより，耐性菌の増加に対して注意を喚起できた．また，耐性プロファイルを迅速に解析できるWHONET は耐性菌の疫学調査ツールとして有効であることも確認された．

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