本研究では，Skip-gramモデルを拡張し，複数の語義を持つ単語の語義ベクトルを獲得する手法の構築を目指している．本発表では，このようにして得られた語義ベクトルの評価指標の一つとして同義語判定問題を採り上げ，Skip-gramモデルにより得られた単語ベクトルに適用した結果について報告する．

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when patent examiner indicates a refusal to patent application,"Notice of Reason for Refusal" is issued. We have created a

dictionary of compound nouns using the information extracted from the Notice of Reason for Refusal, and extracted the dependency relationship of compound nouns and verbs in the claims full text written in patent applications.Between this patent application and the patent publication cited, we measured a similarity by using created formula.Then, when using the dictionary, we investigated whether this dictionary is effective.

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Peristedion picturatum McCulloch, 1926 (family Peristediidae) was distinguished from P. liorhynchus (Gunther, 1872) by a single character, the presence of two bony plates between the anus and first anal ray (vs. three in P. liorhynchus). Our examination of the holotype of P. liorhynchus revealed that it also actually has just two bony plates there, not three. Based on a comparison of the holotype and other material of P. picturatum with the holotype of P. liorhynchus, we conclude that P. picturatum is a junior of P. liorhynchus.

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共にTrichophyton mentagrophytes complexの有性世代であるA. simiiとA. vanbreuseghemiiは、1973年のTakashioの報告により別種であるとされている。しかし、topoisomerase遺伝子の塩基配列を基に推定した系統樹ではA. simiiとA. vanbreuseghemiiの系統が分けられない事から、我々はこれら2種が同種である可能性を考えた。交配能の落ちたテスター株をマウスに感染させて逆培養する事で交配能の回復を図り、種々の組み合わせで交配実験を行ったところ、2004年にインドで人から分離されたA. simii株KMU4810(+)とA. vanbreuseghemiiのテスター株RV27961(-)との交配に成功した事は昨年の本会で報告した。今回はさらに、昨年得られたF1世代のHybridのうちの1株（KMUAsv11株; rRNAとactin遺伝子はA. simii型、topoisomerase遺伝子はA. vanbreuseghemii型）をA. vanbreuseghemii（RV27961）と戻し交配したところ子嚢胞子の産生が確認された。稔性のあるF1が産生される事から、A. simiiとA. vanbreuseghemiiとの交配は異種間交配ではなく通常の種内交配であると考えられ、2種の同種性が強く示唆された。

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Distributional similarity has been widely used to capture the semantic relatedness of words in many NLP tasks. However, parameters such as similarity measures must be manually tuned to make distributional similarity work effectively. To address this problem, we propose a novel approach to identification based on supervised learning and distributional features, which correspond to the commonality of individual context types shared by word pairs. This approach also enables the integration with pattern-based features. In our experiment, we have built and compared eight classifiers, and showed a drastic performance increase of over 60% on F-1 measure, compared to the conventional similarity-based classification. Distributional features that we have proposed are better in classifying synonyms than the conventional common features, while the pattern-based features have appeared almost redundant.

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Epigonus merleni McCosker and Long, 1997 was originally described on the basis of a single specimen collected from the Galapagos Islands. It was considered to be distinguished from E. macrops (Brauer, 1906) by having 11+14 vertebrae and 57 lateral-line scales, but our examination of the holotype of E. merleni revealed that it actually has 10+15 vertebrae and 48+5 lateral-line scales. The holotype also has a luminescent window near the pelvic-fin base that is otherwise unique to E. macrops in the genus. Based on our comparison of the holotype of E. merleni with a syntype and other specimens of E. macrops, we conclude that E. merleni is a junior of E. macrops.

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Satyrichthys rugosus (Fowler, 1943) was established with no comparison to other peristediid searobins. Our examination of types and other material of both S. rugosus and S. clavilapis (Fowler, 1938) has clarified that S. rugosus represents postlarvae and juveniles of the latter species. We therefore regard S. rugosus as a junior of S. clavilapis and comment on its ontogenetic changes in morphology.

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  Based on a comparison of type and other specimens, Ptychomitrium patens (Müll. Hal.) Par. and P. obtusifolium (Borth.) Par. are reduced to synonymy of P. sellowianum (Müll. Hal.) Jaeger, and P. papillosum (Herz.) Card. is reduced to synonymy of P. chimborazense (Mitt.) Jaeger. Three new combinations are proposed: P. gardneri var. angustifolium (Nog.) Cao & Guo, P. sellowianum var. angustifolium (Broth.) Cao & Guo, and P. hieronymi var. obtusifolium (Thér.) Cao & Guo. Ptychomitrium ferrugineum (Herz.) Broth. is described in detail based on the holotype.

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近年新しいドキュメント分類の形態としてFolksonomy(フォクソノミー)が注目されている.Folksonomyは従来のTaxonomyとは対照的に,エンドユーザによるボトムアップでフラットな分類を実現する.Folksonomyは分類速度,分類の実用性,分類の適応性など多くの面で優れており,各種Web Filtering技術に応用可能な大きなポテンシャルを有しているのにも関わらず,現在のところ十分に活用されていない.本論文において我々はFolksonomyの性質を分析し,Folksonomyの3部グラフ構造を利用することで

問題などFolksonomy固有の問題を解決しながら効率的に分類データを構造化する手法を提案し,Folksonomyの応用への道を開く.

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In this paper, we solve the problem of extending various thesauri using a single method. Thesauri should be extended when unregistered terms are identified. Various thesauri are available, each of which is constructed according to a unique design principle. We formalise the extension of one thesaurus as a single classification problem in machine learning, with the goal of solving different classification problems. Applying existing classification methods to each thesaurus is time consuming, particularly if many thesauri must be extended. Thus, we propose a method to reduce the time required to extend multiple thesauri. In the proposed method, we first generate clusters of terms without the thesauri that are candidates for

sets based on formal concept analysis using the syntactic information of terms in a corpus. Reliable syntactic parsers are easy to use; thus, syntactic information is more available for many terms than semantic information. With syntactic information, for each thesaurus and for all unregistered terms, we can search candidate clusters quickly for a correct set for fast classification. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is faster than existing methods and classification accuracy is comparable.

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Distributional similarity is a widely adopted concept to compute lexical semantic relatedness of words.Whereas the calculation is based on the distributional hypothesis and utilizes contextual clues of words, little attention has been paid to what kind of contextual information is effective for the purpose.As one of the ways to extend contextual information, we pay attention to the use of indirect dependency, where two or more words are related via several contiguous dependency relations.We have investigated the effect of indirect dependency using automatic acquisition task, and shown that the performance can be improved by using indirect dependency in addition to normal direct dependency.We have also verified its effectiveness under various experimental settings including weight functions, similarity measures, and context representations, and shown that context representations which incorporate richer syntactic information are more effective.

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Type examinations were conducted for 32 species of polypores described by E.J.H. Corner. The following new combinations are proposed: Antrodiella subligativa, Coriolopsis albobadia, C. suberosifusca, Datronia perstrata, D. sepiicolor, Fomitella malaysiana, Fomitopsis subvinosa, Microporus affinis-microloma, M. subvernicipes, Nigrofomes nigrivineus, Perenniporia rufidochmia, Polyporus polyporiformis, and Trichaptum molestum. The following species are accepted in the original genus: Trametes pallidilusor, the appropriate name for T. daedaleoides Corner (nom. illegit.), and T. rugosituba. Daedalea pseudodochmia was already combined with the proper genus. The following species are synonyms: Trametes microporoides and T. multiflabellata, synonyms of M. subvernicipes; T. papuasia, a

of Coriolopsis glabro-rigens; T. paxillosa, a of Coriolopsis brunneoleuca; T. perpallida, a of Skeletocutis nivea; T. primulina, a of Coriolopsis sanguinaria; T. rigidiceps, a of M. affinis-microloma; Trametes sublutea, a of Fomitopsis spraguei; T. subincana and T. textulaminata, synonyms of D. pseudodochmia; and T. umbrinopallens, a of T. lactinea. The following species are dubious because of the poor condition of specimens: T. tenacipora, T. turpis, and T. verticalis. No authentic specimens were traced for T. polyblastes, T. rubrigrisea, T. salina, T. sediliensis, and T. substrata. Descriptions and line drawings are given for the little-known species.

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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive primary immunodeficiency disorder. Mutations in the WAS gene are considered to be the primary cause of WAS. In this work, we report a boy who presented with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) as an initial symptom and detects a novel pathogenic synonymous mutation in his WAS gene. His mother was a carrier of the mutant gene. The mutation, located at position c.273 (c.273 G>A) in exon 2, is a

mutation and predicted to affect protein expression by disrupting gene splicing. This study summarizes the diagnosis and treatment process of the patient and expands the genetic spectrum of WAS.

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Critical examination of specimens referred to Pagurus conformis De Haan, 1849 or P. megalops (Stimpson, 1858) has revealed that the two taxa are conspecific and that the former species has frequently been misidentified. Pagurus conformis, the senior of P. megalops, is redescribed and illustrated in detail and compared with three allied species, P. cavicarpus (Paul'son, 1875), P. carpoforaminatus (Alcock, 1905), and P. spinulentus (Henderson, 1888). The taxonomic identities of species to which the name P. conformis has been incorrectly applied are discussed.

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In the present paper Aetherastis Meyrick is placed as a new of Comocritis Meyrick, and a new species of Comocritis is described from Formosa. The genus Comocritis is recorded from Formosa for the first time. I am much indebted to Dr. Syuti Issiki, Professor Emeritus of University of Osaka Prefecture, Mr. Mamoru Owada, of University of Osaka Prefecture, and Dr. Klaus Sattler and Mr. Paul E. S. Whalley, both of the British Museum (Natural History), for allowing me to study the examples dealt with in this paper.

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The history of chestnut utilization in Japan is very long. Many cultivars have been preserved without being sufficiently organized and studied with respect to genetic variation. We developed 12 new SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers from Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata) by using SSR-enriched genomic libraries. All 12 primer pairs selected for SSR analysis successfully amplified fragments in 6 Castanea species. The genetic diversity and relationships among 216 chestnut accessions were assessed by SSR markers, including 142 Japanese chestnuts, 38 Chinese chestnuts (C. mollissima), 2 European chestnuts (C. sativa), 9 American chestnuts (C. dentata), and 23 Japanese–Chinese hybrids. Among the 216 accessions, we identified 21 groups (including 1 bud sport group), and 189 different genotypes. The mean values of observed heterozygosity (H_O) and the expected heterozygosity (H_E) in the Japanese chestnuts were 0.65 and 0.65, respectively. A phenogram of the 189 genotypes revealed 3 major groups, corresponding to Japanese, Chinese and American chestnuts. Japanese–Chinese hybrid cultivars were mainly included in the Chinese chestnut group. In the present study, genetic backgrounds could be identified for native and cultivated Japanese chestnuts and Japanese–Chinese hybrid cultivars, and many synonyms showing identical SSR genotypes were found. Genetic and geographical relationships of unique characteristics such as “Shidareguri” (weeping) and “Togenashi” (spineless) were also discussed. These results will improve the efficiency of cultivar identification and of chestnut breeding programs.

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Distributional similarity is a widely adopted concept to capture the semantic relatedness of words based on their context in various NLP tasks. While accurate similarity calculation requires a huge number of context types and co-occurrences, the contribution to the similarity calcualtion depends on individual context types, and some of them even act as noise. To select well-performing context and alleviate the high computational cost, we propose and investigate the effectiveness of three context selection schemes: category-based, type-based, and co-occurrence based selection. Categorybased selection is a conventional, simplest selection method which limits the context types based on the syntactic category. Finer-grained, type-based selection assigns importance scores to each context type, which we make possible by proposing a novel formalization of distibutional similarity as a classification problem, and applying feature selection techniques. The finest-grained, co-occurrence based selection assigns importance scores to each co-occurrence of words and context types. We evaluate the effectiveness and the trade-off between co-occurrence data size and acquisition performance. Our experiments show that, on the whole, the finest-grained, co-occurrence based selection achieves better performane, although some of the simple category-based selection show comparable performance/cost trade-off.

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A new species of the sand-burrowing dogielinotid amphipod genus Haustorioides Oldevig, 1958, Haustorioides furotai Ogawa, sp. nov., is described from Banzu tidal flat, east coast of Tokyo Bay, Japan. The new species is mainly characterized by a slender and triangular outer plate of the maxilliped, poorly setose antennae and pereopods, straightly acute posterodistal corner of epimeral plates 2 and 3, and an uncleft and ridged telson. Analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I sequences verified that H. furotai belongs to the monophyletic clade consisting of the other Haustorioides species. Additionally, Eohaustorioides Bousfield and Tzvetkova, 1982, and Parhaustorioides Ren, 2006 are synonymized with Haustorioides based on morphological analysis. An identification key to the species of the genus Haustorioides is also provided.

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同義語の同定は, 情報検索, テキストマイニングなどのテキスト処理を行う上で必要な作業である. 同義語辞書を作成することにより, テキスト処理の効率や精度の向上を期待できる. 特定分野における文書には, 専門の表現が多く用いられており, その中には, 分野独特の同義語が多量に含まれている. 例えば, 日本語の航空分野では, 漢字・ひらがなだけでなく, カタカナ, アルファベット, およびそれらの略語が同義語として用いられている. この分野の同義語は, 汎用の辞書に登録されていないものが多く, 既存の辞書を使用できないので, 辞書を新たに作成する必要がある. また, 辞書作成後も常に新しい語が発生するので, 辞書の定期的な更新が必要となるが, それを人手で行うのは大変な作業である.
本論文では, 同義語辞書作成を半自動化するシステムを提案する. システムは, ク エリが与えられると意味的に同じ候補語を提示する. 辞書作成者は, その中から同 義語を選択して, 辞書登録を行うことができる. 候補語のクエリに対する類似度は, 同義語の周辺に出現する語の頻度情報を文脈情報とし, その余弦から計算する. 文脈情報のみでは十分な精度が得られない場合, 既知の同義語を知識としてシステム に与えることにより, 文脈語の正規化を行い, 精度を向上できることを確認した.実 験は, 航空分野の日本語のレポートを対象とし, システムの評価には平均精度を用いて行い, 満足できる結果が得られた.

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We are currently making improvements in a self-learning textbook of analysis strategy. The textbook is composed of explanations and practice for the strategy. In order to enrich the strategy of analyzing grammatical example sentences, we took up "imaging strategy," - verbalizing the image recalled from the sentences - and examined whether its training is effective in a Japanese teacher training program. The result showed that the trainees explained the content of sentences superficially and peripheral events which has not been shown to the sentences. Thus, in order to obtain information efficiently from examples for analysis, detailed checking and reanalysis of the verbalized image is needed.

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