Indonesia is known as a diversified country because of its multi-ethnicity and that its government proceeds with economic development by positive introduction of foreign capital. Under this situation, the mass media have a great role for national integration through a unified system of broadcasting of the national TV (). I will describe how the state organizes national information flow by a content analysis of TV news program of . The primary role of TV broadcasting in Indonesia is to symbolize the state motto and goals;"Unity in Diversity"or"They are many, They are one"as the motto, the Panchasila or five principles as state philosophy and national economic development as the goal. The government is regulating production of TV news program exclusively to , and commercial broadcasts are required to telecast the news programs. Therefore, people can only watch programs for getting national and international news controlled by the state except for the rich who can watch foreign TV programs like CNN through satellite networks. So, we regard news program as very important in constructing the national information environment. In order to make a study of the structure of news program, I tried to analyze its contents. The programs which I selected as objects of analysis are Berita Nasional or National News and Dunia dalam Berita or World News, and both of these are the most popular news programs and telecast in all TV channels as mentioned above. I compared issues of national news with those of foreign news, and analyzed type of scene or topic and frequency of VIP's presence in national news. (Because some national news are also broadcast in Dunia dalam Berita, I had to regroup all news items from two programs into two categories: national news and foreign news.) Results of analysis showed that national news are inclined toward issues on development or economy. By the contrast, foreign news stories are more political. National news tended to adopt ceremonial scene. In half of national news items broadcast, VIP were present. I tried to consider the functions of TV news in Indonesia on the basis of the results of analysis. These are functions enhancing national prestige, mobilizing people into development, introducing the cultural diversity of Indonesia, and other functions without governmental implications. As a hypothetical conclusion, this study points out that there is a political tendency to be more open to foreign information but to toughly control information flow of domestic situation as shown in the structure of TV news.

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To determine whether bunazosin (α₁-adrenoceptor blocking agent) can alter the hemodynamic profile of chronic heart failure secondary to myocardial infarction, the drug was administered to Wistar rats 4 weeks after coronary ligation, and continued for 4 weeks. In rats without bunazosin treatment, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and the total vascular resistance index () increased as a function of infarct size, while the cardiac index (CI) decreased. But in infarcted rats with bunazosin treatment, the mean aortic pressure and were reduced, the LVEDP was modestly lessened, and the CI was maintained. The greatest increase in CI after the treatment occurred in rats with infarcts of small and moderate size. Thus, long-term therapy with bunazosin improved LV dysfunction, relative to the size of infarction. This study suggests the beneficial effects of bunazosin therapy in patients with chronic heart failure.

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Background: Although left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is associated with increased risk for incident heart failure in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), no specific treatment for diastolic abnormalities has been established. Animal and small human studies have shown that an acute increase in LV afterload adversely impacts on LV early diastolic relaxation, but little is known about its chronic effect on diastolic function. Methods and Results: The relationships of various components of arterial load (arterial compliance, total vascular resistance index, and augmentation index [AI] in the ascending aorta) with LV diastolic function indices determined on cardiac catheterization (relaxation time constant [Tau] and end-diastolic pressure [EDP]) and those on tissue Doppler echocardiography (early diastolic mitral annular velocity [E'] and the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow to annular velocities [E/E']) were investigated in 303 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for CAD. All components of arterial load correlated with diastolic function indices, with AI, an index reflecting late-systolic load, having the strongest correlations with diastolic function indices. After adjustment for potential confounders, AI correlated with Tau (standardized β=0.25, P<0.001), EDP (β=0.25, P<0.001), E' (β=-0.21, P<0.001), and E/E' (β=0.23, P<0.001). Conclusions: Increased AI is independently associated with LV diastolic function in patients with known or suspected CAD. Late-systolic load may be a therapeutic target to improve LV diastolic abnormalities in this population.  (Circ J 2010; 74: 1900 - 1905)

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The term "digital divide" has become established in international society, and the question of an information gap between North and South seems to have reemerged. In view of this global situation, the media environment within developing countries should be reconsidered. What should be noted here is that "national development" always precedes the question of media and media systems in developing countries. In this paper, in order to expose the invisible relations between media and "development" ideology in the Third Word, mass-media policy in terms of national development in Indonesia is examined. Paticularly, "Sambung Rasa Communication" strategy and "Kelompencapir" are focused on as the most important and unique mass-media policies in the Suharto New Order Era. Such an examination sheds light on the social structure tacitly created by and around mass media, and also illuminates the power relations that operate under the complicity of the ideology of "development" and mass media In Indonesia.

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Previous studies on transnational media have emphasized transnational media organizations and tended to ignore the role of cross-border content, especially in a non-Western context. This study aims to fill theoretical gaps within this scholarship by providing an analysis of the Southeast Asian media sphere, focusing on Indonesia and Malaysia in a historical context—transnational media flow before 2010. The two neighboring nations of Indonesia and Malaysia have many things in common, from culture to language and religion. This study not only explores similarities in the reception and appropriation of transnational content in both countries but also investigates why, to some extent, each had a different attitude toward content produced by the other. It also looks at how governments in these two nations control the flow of transnational media content. Focusing on broadcast media, the study finds that cross-border media flow between Indonesia and Malaysia was made possible primarily in two ways: (1) illicit or unintended media exchange, and (2) legal and intended media exchange. Illicit media exchange was enabled through the use of satellite dishes and antennae near state borders, as well as piracy. Legal and intended media exchange was enabled through state collaboration and the purchase of media rights; both governments also utilized several bodies of laws to assist in controlling transnational media content. Based on our analysis, there is a path of transnational media exchange between these two countries. We also found Malaysians to be more accepting of Indonesian content than vice versa.

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The government of Indonesia has endeavoured to achieve social integration and nation-building. With a view to realizing its national ideal and goal, "Unity in Diversity", the Suharto administration has designed the 5-year development plans (1st-6th), including communication plans, and has implemented them since 1969. As an element of the 2nd development plan, the Palapa satellite A1 was launched in 1976, A2 in 1977 and B1 in 1983. The launching of the Palapa A1-2 has mostly completed the Domestic Satellite Communication System (SKSD). This system has an impact on many aspects of communications, especially on TV broadcasting. An increase in the number of TV sets, however, is observed only in cities. In rural areas most of the people do not possess a TV set. In this situation, the Department of Information plans to set up "public TV", for example in assembly rooms in rural areas, giving more people the opportunity to watch TV. In this context, one of the significant findings on TV viewing is that, in both cities and rural areas, many people are interested in news, documentaries and information programs as well as in entertainment programs. The importance of TV viewing lies in the fact that its audience, more or less, becomes aware of other ethnic groups and their cultures. This awareness will lead to the understanding of Indonesia as a nation with diverse cultures, which will eventually contribute to achieving social integration and nation-building in Indonesia. The "Unity in Diversity" of Indonesia might be affected by the uniformity possibly resulting from the SKSD. Based on a comprehensive understanding of the SKSD, we should further our studies on the social integration and nation-building of Indonesia, which is an antithesis to the concept of the nation-state in the modernization theory of the West.

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