The steady-state assumption for catchment is a controversial issue in catchment hydrology. In this study, we propose a new approach to estimate the time-variant mean (MTT) and distribution (TTD) using a five-layer tank model with isotopic tracers and test it in the Fuefuki River catchment, central Japan. Model parameters were optimized during the calibration phase based on hydrometric and isotopic observations and then validated in a separate validation phase. The long-term (2003–2012) average MTT was estimated to be 23.7 years. However, the daily MTT was highly variable, ranging from 1.2 to 37.0 years. Instantaneous TTD also varied markedly. Precipitation alters TTD by increasing younger components and shortens the MTT. Thus, a steady-state assumption is inappropriate, with the relationship between monthly MTT and precipitation amount most closely approximated by an exponential function. The dependence of MTT on precipitation is an important descriptor for characterizing catchments. Although optimized model-parameters have some uncertainties, potential errors in estimating the MTT are relatively small (e.g., < ±3 years). Therefore, the tracer-aided tank model is useful for estimating time variations in MTT and TTD with high reliability.

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[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) on pharyngeal . [Subjects] Subjects were divided into normal old persons aged over 70 (N=18), and normal young persons aged under 30 (N=10). [Method] We measured the Pharyngeal (PTT) to determine their swallowing characteristics. NMES was used to stimulate old group’s suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles 60 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks using four electrodes. We used SPSS version 14.0 to analyze and compare the data between the 2 groups. [Results] After NMES, PTT of the normal old group became significantly shorter. PTT was much shorter, but was still longer than that of the normal young group. [Conclusion] The PTTs of the two groups classified by age were significantly different.

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Experimental and analytical investigations are conducted on flow instability in a vertically installed liquid nitrogen shell & tube type heat exchanger. The experiments are carried out by making use of water steam as a secondary fluid and it is observed that flow instability occurs in the range of small inlet flow rate. Mode analysis of the flow instability oscillation reveals that there exists a fundamental mode and its higher harmonics up to the fourth. As the period of the fundamental mode is nearly equal to the for a fluid particle to travel through the heated tube, it is suggested that this flow instability is of the density wave type. It is shown that the amount of exchanged heat, as well as the pressure drop, decrease when unstable flow oscillation occurs. An analysis of the static heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics can simulate the experimental results in the stable region. Linear stability analysis is also carried out to yield the stability map as well as the period of flow oscillation, which proved to agree with the experimental data qualitatively.

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A basic experiment is attempted on the heating based on Fermi stochastic acceleration. Sharply localized rf field is externally generated in the vicinity of antenna immersed in a plasma. To avoid wave heating, the frequency ω has been selected in the wave evanescence regime (ω_pe²>>ω²>ω_ce²), where ω_pe and ω_ce are the electron plasma and the electron cyclotron frequencies, respectively. The efficient electron heating is observed with the electron temperature rise ΔT_e⁄T_e=2–7. The dependence of the heating time on various parameters is found to be consistent with theoretical predictions.

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A theoretical study is made of the plasma heating by a coherent rf field localized in a plasma. This heating method is based on Fermi stochastic acceleration; the acceleration occurs randomly when the rf period is much less than the time between two successive entries of the charged particles into the localized field. The initial heating rate is provided analytically, and the optimum design for the heating experiment is suggested. The time evolution of the velocity distribution function is demonstrated by numerical calculations. The bulk heating rather than the tail heating occurs for parameters which gives the best heating rate. The temperature exhibits an essentially linear time dependence, in contrast to the square time dependence predicted by Akhiezer and Bakai.

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We examined the effect of increased skin pressure from tight clothing on small bowel by means of the breath hydrogen test, using milk that contained lactulose as an additional indigestible disaccharide, which is used as a test meal after overnight fasting. In this experiment, we measured the small bowel from 9 healthy and non-constipated female subjects with two different skin pressures that were applied by loose-fitting experimental garment or an additional tight-fitting girdle on two consecutive days. The skin pressure of the latter condition was 8-9 mmHg higher than that of the former one on the participants' waist, abdomen and hip region. The experimental order of the two skin pressure conditions was counterbalanced. As a result, the small bowel obtained with and without girdle did not differ significantly (165.0 ± 26.0 minutes for less skin pressure condition and 173.3 ± 26.8 minutes for more skin pressure condition, n=9, p=0.43). This result indicated that the skin pressure from clothing has no effect on the passage rate of food through the small intestine.

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 巨大動脈瘤や解離性動脈瘤などの, クリッピング自体が困難な動脈瘤に対しては, 何らかのバイパス複合手術が行われる. 動脈瘤の諸条件やその治療戦略は実に多岐にわたり, 現代において治療法を組み立てる考え方は, 共通の理解のもとで徐々に確立されつつある. バイパスとしてはSTAやOAなどのlow flowとRAなどによるhigh flowがあり, バイパスの意義としては, ①最終的にクリッピングに持ち込むまでの長時間母血管遮断に対する虚血保護, ②クリッピングに伴い犠牲になる分枝のalteration, ③トラッピングもしくは母血管閉塞に伴うflow reversalに大別される. いずれにおいても, 正常脳灌流が着実に担保されるように, 手術戦略を綿密に計画する必要がある.
 そして実際の手術においては, 計画した手術内容が的確に効果を発揮しているかを判断するための術中モニタリングがきわめて重要である. MEPやSEPなどの電気生理学的モニタリングは必須であろう. また選択するバイパスの種別が適切な流量かの判断は時として難しい場合があるが, 手術台と血管造影装置によるハイブリッド手術室の利用や, ICG蛍光血管造影/FLOW800^®, -血流計などが的確な術中判断に寄与してくれる.

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We examined regional differences in blood volume and along the length of a resting skeletal muscle by positron emission tomography. In contrast, blood volume didn't change. The blood increased significantly from proximal to distal portions, suggesting that blood flow velocity slows even though there are no changes in blood volume.

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SASの検査においてPSGと換気努力の評価としての食道内圧検査は有用であるが,侵襲的で施行する施設が限られ小児に標準的に行えないため,より簡便な検査法がのぞまれる. PTT(pulse )は動脈血が左心室から送り出される拍動が指先の脈に到達するまでにかかる脈波伝達時間で心電図とオキシセンサーのみで検出可能であり,換気努力の評価と自律神経刺激による覚醒反応の検出について期待されている. 小児SASの24名にPTT検出をPSGと同時におこなったところ,閉塞型,中枢型無呼吸の判別など換気努力の評価が可能であった. PTT検査と鼻フローセンサーを備えた簡易検査機器であるヒプノPTT^TMとPSGで4名の覚醒反応を比較したが,ヒプノPTT^TMの覚醒反応検出の鋭敏さはみられなかった. ヒプノPTT^TMは,手術前後で比較した11名の重症度,換気努力の評価に有用であった.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of autonomic functioning induced by an emotionally stimulating game. In the game, subjects were asked to give words which can be classified designated category in limited time. The pulse were measured and analyzed before, during and after the game. Characteristics of autonomic functioning in mentally cornered condition were discussed.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the cerebral hyperperfusion phenomenon (CHP) and carotid artery flow volume as measured by a

flowmeter during carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We retrospectively investigated 74 patients who underwent both flowmetry and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The flow volumes of the internal carotid artery (ICA) before and after the endarterectomy were recorded during surgery as the pre- and the post-ICA (mL/min), respectively. We defined the difference between the pre- and the post-ICA as the ΔIC (mL/min). Two independent board-certified neurosurgeons analyzed the asymmetry index (affected side/contralateral side) of regional qualitative cerebral blood flow before and after the CEA respectively. We defined the CHP as an excessive increase in this asymmetry index between preoperative and postoperative SPECT. The CHP was observed in five of the 74 patients (6.8%). The pre-ICA of the CHP cases was significantly lower than that of the non-CHP cases (in mL/min, median 29 vs. 97; P = 0.01). The ΔIC of the CHP cases was significantly higher than that of the non-CHP cases (in mL/min, median 154 vs. 50; P = 0.002). The cut-off value of the ΔIC was 81 mL/min (sensitivity 100%, specificity 78.3%, area under the curve 0.912). The findings of this study suggest that the ΔIC is associated with the CHP. The flowmeter is useful to predict the CHP during surgery.

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Single crystals of pyrene-TCNE having a long electron lifetime of more than 10⁻⁴ sec are prepared by a vapor-growth method newly developed in this study. By the measurement of their transient space-charge-free and space-charge-limited photocurrents, the drift mobility of electrons is determined from their transit times to be about 9×10⁻² cm²/V sec at room temperature.

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In order to reveal the influence of clothing skin pressure on digestion of food through the gastrointestinal tract, we examined the absorption of dietary carbohydrate and orocecal of a test meal by means of a breath hydrogen test on 7 healthy young women. In this experiment, we collected breath samples from the participants wearing loose-fitting experimental garment on the second day of the experiment and from the same participants but wearing an additional tight-fitting girdle on the following day for 16 hours and 9 hours, respectively. Skin pressure applied by a girdle on participant’s waist, abdomen and hip region was 15.5 ± 0.4 mmHg (mean ± SE), 11.0 ± 0.2 mmHg, and 13.6 ± 0.6 mmHg, respectively, and the values were 23 times larger than those of the experimental garment. The hydrogen concentration vs. time curve showed that breath hydrogen levels at its peaks (15:00, 15:30, 16:00, 16:30, and 17:00 hr) on the third day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of the corresponding time on the second day (p<0.05 at 17:00 and 15:00, p<0.01 at 15:00, 16:00 and 16:30). Consequently, significantly pronounced breath hydrogen excretion was observed under the “pressure” clothing condition (p<0.01). On the other hand, the of the test meal for the subjects wearing a girdle did not differ significantly from that for the subjects wearing the garment of less pressure (270 ± 18 minutes and 263 ± 21 minutes, respectively). These results indicate that the clothing skin pressure has an inhibitory effect on the absorption of dietary carbohydrate in the small intestine, but no effect on the orocecal of a meal.

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In order to investigate the physiological action of Polydextrose as a dietary fiber, we fed rats 3% Polydextrose diet containing either pectin or cellulose for 15 days. The effects of Polydextrose on fecal weight and gastrointestinal were observed, and digestibility and the inhibitory effect of the fiber on intestinal digestive enzymes were examined. Polydextrose was partially hydrolyzed by rat intestinal mucosal homogenate, and liberated glucose increased depending on incubation time. However, Polydextrose had no inhibitory effect on the activity of disaccharidases. The combination of Polydextrose and either pectin or cellulose significantly increased fecal weight and evidently shortened . The effect of Polydextrose supplementation on tissue weight was found in the cecum only, and not in other tissues. The concentration of serum constituents such as total and free cholesterol, triacylglycerol, phospholipid, and glucose was not affected by Polydextrose ingestion. These results suggest that Polydextrose partially demonstrates the dietary fiber actions such as increase in fecal volume and weight, shortening of , and softening of feces.

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MUNAKATA, A., IWANE, S., TODATE, M., NAKAJI, S. and SUGAWARA, K. Effects of Dietary Fiber on Gastrointestinal

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, Fecal Properties and Fat Absorption in Rats. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1995, 176 (4), 227-238-The gastro-intestinal of food was determined by x-ray fluoroscopy using barium sulfate in rats fed with diets of various dietary fiber contents, and the effects of dietary fiber on the , properties of feces, and fat absorption were examined. In 4- and 16-month-old rats fed with the diet for 3 and 15 month, respectively, the of the cecum and colon in those receiving 20 and 40% wheat bran diets was shortened compared with that in the 0% group. The fecal pellet number and volume increased as the wheat bran content of the diet increased. In another experiments, the daily total fat excretion was found to be the greatest in rats receiving 15% pectin diet, followed by rats receiving 15% cellulose and non-fiber diets, respectively. These results suggest that shortening of the through the cecum and colon with increase of fecal volume and suppression of fat absorption all participate in the mechanism of the inhibitory action of wheat bran on carcinogenesis and on the development of diverticulum of the large intestine.

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The experiment investigated the effects of skin pressure by clothing on whole gut and amount of feces. Comparisons of and amount of feces were taken between 6 young female adults with and without a girdle. The skin pressure applied by a girdle (mean ± SD) on participant’s waist, abdomen and hip region was 16.6 ± 7.80 mmHg, 17.1 ± 4.5 mmHg and 12.6 ± 5.0 mmHg, respectively. The difference of skin pressure with and without a girdle was about 10 mmHg. During each experimental period of 4 days with and without a girdle, the whole gut and amount of feces were measured. The whole gut of each day was determined as the time between the oral intake of each day’s markers and their first appearance in the stool. The whole gut transit times of the markers taken on the first day were significantly prolonged (p<0.05) and those of the markers taken on the second day tended to be prolonged for participant using a girdle (p<0.1). The whole gut of the markers taken on the third day could not be compared because they were not excreted into the stool. The cumulative increases of feces on the third day and the fourth day were significantly reduced with a girdle (p<0.05). These results indicate that the skin pressure by clothing has an effect on whole gut and the amount of feces.

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  This paper reports on a blood pressure pulse wave measurement device using the arterial tonometry method calibrated by the pulse

. The pressure sensor for arterial tonometry method and the optical sensor for pulse were fabricated. The sizes of pressure sensor and optical sensor are 19×19×9 mm³ and 13×25×4 mm³, respectively. The blood pressure was calculated by the pulse measured by the pressure sensor and the optical sensor. The blood pressure was also measured by the pressure sensor using arterial tonometry method, and by the commercially available sphygmomanometer for comparison. The blood pressure calculated by the pulse was similar to the blood pressure measured by the sphygmomanometer. Therefore, it is useful for the blood pressure measured by arterial tonometry method to calibrate by the blood pressure calculated by the pulse .

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The relationship between the oral absorption and gastrointestinal of nitrofurantoin was investigated in dogs by the double-marker method using acetaminophen and salicylazosulfapyridine as markers. The extent of bioavailability of nitrofurantoin gave correlations with both gastric emptying time and small intestinal . The results indicate that the slower the passage from the stomach into the small intestine and/or the longer the residence time in the small intestine, the oral absorption efficiency of nitrofurantoin increases. These observations were consistent with the reported findings from in situ absorption study in rats and intestinal intubation study in humans, respectively. Moreover, it was clarified that small intestinal is the most important determinant of absorption of nitrofurantoin, since the good correlation was observed between the small intestinal and the extent of bioavailability. The double-marker method appears consequently to be useful tool for the determination of the gastrointestinal in dogs.

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