Congenital malformations can be induced in the offspring of laboratory animals treated with the mutagens, ethylnitrosourea, methylnitrosourea, mitomycin C, triethylenemelamine or procarbazine before copulation. The spectra of malformations in the offspring classified as male-mediated malformations after exposure of paternal mice to mutagens showed no evidence of mutagen-specificity or germ-cell stage-dependent variations. Recently, we demonstrated the increased incidence of congenital malformations in the offspring of male mice exposed in utero to synthetic estrogens such as diethylstilbestrol (DES), 17β-estradiol (E₂) or ethynyl estradiol (EE), and that the induction of male-mediated malformations by DES, E₂ or EE showed a clear threshold effect. Developmental exposure to DES, E₂ or EE caused partial atrophy and feminization in the genital tract. They also showed transgenerational effects when applied prenatally at a dose which caused histopathological changes in the testes. Germ-cell series in normal testis have mechanisms to select against spontaneously arising mutation; but these selection mechanisms may not function efficiently in chemically-damaged testes. Based on these results and considerations, we propose as a hypothesis that transgenerational teratogenesis by prenatal exposure to synthetic estrogens may occur as a consequence of testicular toxicity. Moreover, since DES has been reported to be non-genotoxic, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation may be involved in the transgenerational teratogenesis induced by estrogenic drugs. The expression patterns of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) mRNA, global DNA methylation levels in testicular cells of embryos exposed to estrogenic drugs or in epididymal sperm of mature male mice exposed prenatally to estrogenic drugs were different from those in the controls. Results shown in this review support the proposal that, when evaluating the toxicities of environmental chemicals including endocrine disruptors, epigenetic effects such as DNA methylation should be taken into account.

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カラタチと二, 三の植物間のVA菌根(VAM)菌菌糸の分布状態を観察するために, 特別なアクリル製のルートボックスを用い, 温室内で実験を実施した.ルートボックス(45×15×3 cm)は, 中央区分に枠(37 μmメッシュのナイロン製フィルムを張り付け, 根の侵入は防げるが, VAM菌の菌糸は通り抜ける)を2面(枠間の長さ5 cm)設けて, 3区分した.この中央区分にGigaspora margarita胞子を接種するとともに, 外側の区分の一方にカラタチを, 他方に菌根形成が大であるバヒアグラスおよびキビや, 菌根形成が見られないか, あるいはきわめて小であるケイトウ, ダイコンおよびトマトをそれぞれ移植した.また, カラタチだけを移植したルートボックスも用意し, 無栽植区分に, フラッシュクロマトグラフィーで得られたバヒアグラス(BRE)およびキビ(MRE)根1 gFW相当量の25%メタノール溶出物(VAM菌生長促進物質を含む)を1週間ごとに収穫時まで土壌に施した.実験開始2カ月後, 各植物の根圏や, BREおよびMRE処理区分における菌糸分布をCCDカメラで観察するとともに, 各植物の菌根感染率並びに新しく形成された胞子数を比較調査した.その結果, カラタチ×バヒアグラス区やカラタチ×キビ区では, カラタチ, バヒアグラス, キビ栽植区分ともに, 菌糸密度, 根の菌根感染状態および土壌中のVAM菌胞子数は大であった.特に, カラタチ栽植区分よりもバヒアグラスあるいはキビ栽植区分の方が顕著であった.しかしながら, カラタチに, VAM菌が感染しにくいケイトウ, ダイコンあるいはトマトを栽植した区(カラタチ×ケイトウ, カラタチ×ダイコンおよびカラタチ×トマト)では, カラタチ栽植区分の菌糸密度は50%以上で, 菌根感染率および胞子数も大であったが, ケイトウ, ダイコンおよびトマト栽植区分の菌糸密度は20%程度と低く, また菌根形成も悪く, 新しい胞子がほとんど見られなかった.対照(カラタチ×無栽植)区ではカラタチ栽植区分において数多くの菌糸が観察されたが, 無栽植区分では菌糸や胞子がほとんど見られなかった.しかし, 無栽植区分に, BREおよびMREを処理したところ(カラタチ×BREおよびカラタチ×MRE), この区分の菌糸密度はいずれの処理区においても18%程度に増加し, 新しい胞子が形成されていた.根から浸出される物質がG. margaritaの菌糸生長に及ぼす影響を調査したところ, カラタチ, バヒアグラスおよびキビの根浸出物は菌糸生長を促進したが, この傾向はバヒアグラスおよびキビにおいて大であった.しかしながら, ケイトウ, ダイコンおよびトマトの根浸出物区では菌糸生長が阻害される傾向にあった.これらの結果は, 根からの浸出物が圃場においても土壌に生息するVAM菌の行動に著しく影響を及ぼすことを示唆している.また, BREおよびMREに含まれるある物質はVAM菌菌糸を引きつけるシグナルとして作用しているものと推察される.

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It has been long stated that cellular inactivation through neutron irradiation is mainly caused by energy deposition in DNA molecules from recoiled secondary charged particles. Complexities associated with neutrons, such as the generally broad energy spectrum and the inherently wide energy spectrum of the induced charged particles, not to mention that the dependence of cellular inactivation by charged particles on radiation quality is yet to be fully understood, make it difficult to check this statement. Recently a molecular model has been proposed that improves the quantitative explanation of the dependence of cellular inactivation by charged particles on radiation quality. An attempt was made to apply this model for analysis of neutron cellular inactivation. As a preliminary result it is suggested that neutron cellular inactivation is caused not only by secondary charged particles but also by an "atomic deletion" effect, generated by a stripped atom recoiling from a DNA molecule. This effect seems to be of significant importance, the inactivation cross section of this effect for fission neutrons is as much as 15% (aerobic conditions) or 55% (hypoxic) of the total, and the severity of one occurrence of atomic deletion by a single neutron is estimated as much as 3.1 ± 1.1 times (aerobic) or 6.8 ± 1.2 times (hypoxic) higher than the severity of one event by a single track of a charged particle interacting with DNA.

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酵素抗体法 (peroxidase-antiperoxidase: PAP法) を用いてレンサ球菌と各種の腫瘍との間の抗原性について検討した. 抗レンサ球菌Su株抗体および抗ラット膀胱癌BC-47抗体は, BC-47, レンサ球菌製剤OK-432の両者に対し共に陽性反応を示した. このPAP法の特異性を前述の第一抗体のホモおよびヘテロの抗原による吸収試験により研究した. また抗Su血清は腎遠位尿細管, 表皮および汗腺を除き多くの正常ラット組織で陽性反応を示さなかった. 更に抗Su抗体はBC-47に加えマウス肉腫 Meth-A, マウス肉腫S-180, Ehrlich 癌で陽性反応を, またマウス腺癌Ca. 755, 癌肉腫256, マウス白血病P-388で陰性反応を示した. 抗A群特異C多糖体血清および抗A群特異抗体によるPAP法においても抗Su血清と同様の結果を得た. 更にヒト尿路性器悪性腫瘍においても抗Su抗体は陽性反応を示した. よってレンサ球菌と腫瘍とのこの共通抗原は動物およびヒト腫瘍に広く存在し, レンサ球菌のA群特異C多糖体 (Rhamnose-N-acetyl glucosamine polysaccharide) であると推察された. また抗Su抗体により陽性反応を示したBC-47, Meth-A, S-180, Ehrlich の4種の腫瘍はOK-432によりその発育がよく抑制される反面, 陰性反応を示したCa. 755, 256, P-388はOK-432が無効であることが既に研究, 報告されている. よってこの共通抗原によるキラーT細胞および抗体依存細胞障害 (ADCC) の特異免疫による抗腫瘍効果が示唆された.

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The reaction of superoxide ion, O₂^-, with chloro-5, 10, 15, 20-tetra-p-tolylporphinatocobalt (III), [Co (III) (TTP) Cl], was investigated by spectroscopic methods (UV/vis and ESR) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Spectral data show that O₂^- does not bind to Co (III) (TTP) Cl to give the O₂^- complex, but reduces it directly to Co (II) (TTP) at room temperature.

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Aura refers to a unique ambience of a specific work, and advertising is communicating through reproduction. The success or failure of brand depends on brand image, and brand image is a cognitive concept of brand and its nature is mythological. Advertising is the best way to create brand image, and can be defined as a process of generating a myth. If any particular brand is in possession of Aura and it is successfully advertised, receivers could be familiar with that brand, and it could win more sympathy from them, being differentiated and original.

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The research of ocean waves has been important, not changing since the Age of Great Voyages, because we can't still get the complete knowledge of them. The objective of this research is to develop the fast calculation process of ocean waves, which includes the customized hardware as well as the software algorithm. The authors have realized the real time simulation of many types of ocean waves by the parallel computing system which consists of a PC (Personal Computer) and DSPs (Digital Signal Processor). The real time wave synthesis executing in DSPs is also developed. The methods are applied to a wave simulator as well as a wave maker.

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The absorption of water occurs one third of the way through embryonic development both in the cricket, Velarifictorus micado (SAUSSURE) which has egg diapause and its sibling species, V. sp. which has nymphal diapause. Less water was absorbed by diapause eggs of V. micado than by nondiapause eggs of V. sp. Anoxia by CO₂ at different embryonic stages showed stage-specific requirements of oxygen for water absorption; the earlier the anoxia was imposed, the later the water absorption occurred. The absorption of water is probably controlled by genotype but not by the chorional structure or cytoplasmic maternal factor, since frozen and thawed eggs of V. sp. lost weight more rapidly than those of V. micado and those of their hybrid lost water at an intermediate rate between the two.

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MITARAI, S., OISHI, K., FUKASAWA, M., YAMASHITA, H., NAGATAKE, T. and MATSUMOTO, K. Clinical Evaluation of Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Amplification Method for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Patients with Negative Acid-fast Bacilli Smear. Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 1995, 177 (1), 13-23-We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among 109 patients who were suspected to have active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and showed negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears in a total of 393 samples of sputum (169), gastric aspirate (134), and urine (90) which fulfilled different criteria for the positivity of PCR. The patients were subsequently divided into one group of active PTB composed of 15 patients with definite PTB and 43 patients with highly susp ectedPTB, and another group of 51 non-active PTB patients. The PCR assay using samples of sputum and gastric aspirate proved to be specific for active PTB. The PCR method for diagnosis of active PTB using sputum samples was sensitive (97.8%) but lacked specificity (27.0%) when regarded as PCR positive when at least one positive reaction was obtained among all samples examined. However, the PCR of gastric aspirate demonstrated a sensitivity of 63.4% and a specificity of 76.7%. Our data supports that the PCR method for detecting active PTB in AFB smear negative patients using gastric aspirate shows markedly improved sensitivity over the conventional method (25.9%), although it still lacks specificity. PCR assay for M. tuberculosis using multiple samples of gastric aspirate in conjunction with careful clinical observations for the presence of active infection is essential for the diagnosis of active PTB among patients with negative AFB smear.

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The dependence of the initial production of DNA damages on radiation quality was examined by using a proposed new model on the basis of target theory. For the estimation of DNA damage-production by different radiation qualities, five possible modes of radiation action, including both direct and indirect effects, were assumed inside a target the molecular structure of which was defined to consist of 10 base-pairs of DNA surrounded by water molecules. The induction of DNA damage was modeled on the basis of comparisons between the primary ionization mean free path and the distance between pairs of ionized atoms, such distance being characteristic on the mode of radiation action. The OH radicals per average energy to produce an ion pair on the nanosecond time scale was estimated and used for indirect action. Assuming a relation between estimated yields of DNA damages and experimental inactivation cross sections for AT-cells, the present model enabled the quantitative reproduction of experimental results for AT-cell killing under aerobic or hypoxic conditions. The results suggest a higher order organization of DNA in a way that there will be at least two types of water environment, one filling half the space surrounding DNA with a depth of 3.7-4.3 nm and the other filling all space with a depth 4.6-4.9 nm.

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In Japan, some of the African Americans' novels and writings had been translated into Japanese even before the end of the War in the Pacific. Although we can see these historical facts, they could not become the cultural main stream. After the war, the Japanese people were eager for culture to liberate themselves, and they wanted to create a culture by themselves for peace. In this politico-cultural climate, The Japan Black Studies Association was founded in 1954 and was influenced by the awakening of Asia and Africa for independence. We can find the founding members' strong will to combine reseach with 'how to lead a human life' in the journal, Black Studies. The situation, in which the black studies in the world is located, is not the same as it used to be in the 1950s, but this strong will has been inherited. Through black culture in our times, we can understand the importance of indigenous cultures, communities and families, religions, solidarity movements and struggles for freedom. These concepts are inter-related, inter-woven with each other and based on people's real position in society. It's up to us whether we can contextualize these concepts through our reseach, inheriting the founding members' will and Asianising black studies.

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寄生虫や花粉などに曝露されると，T細胞はTh2細胞に分化して抗原特異的にIL-5，IL-13などのTh2サイトカインを産生し，好酸球集積，杯細胞過形成，気道抵抗上昇を惹起して外来抗原を排除する．しかしその反応が過剰になると，喘息やアトピー性皮膚炎などの2型炎症の原因となる．また一方で，IL-13はマクロファージ(Mφ)を免疫抑制性のMφに分化させ．抗炎症性のIL-10やTGFβの産生を介して免疫抑制や組織修復を誘導する．このMφはさらにアルギナーゼ1(Arg1)を発現し．アルギニンの枯渇や一酸化窒素の産生抑制によっても抗炎症作用を示す．Arg1は尿素代謝に必須の酵素であり主に肝臓に発現するが，このように免疫系でも重要な役割を持つ． また上皮細胞の傷害によりIL-33などが産生されると，グループ2自然リンパ球(group 2 innate lymphoid cells：ILC2)は抗原非特異的にTh2サイトカインを大量に産生する．その特徴から．ILC2はTh2細胞とは別の2型炎症の鍵となる細胞として注目されている． 最近，ILC2がArg1を発現することが報告されたが，その意義は不明であった．本稿では，ILC2に発現するArg1の役割を明らかにしたMonticelliらの論文を紹介する．
なお，本稿は下記の文献に基づいて，その研究成果を紹介するものである.
1) Munder M., Br. J. Pharmacol., 158, 638-651(2009).
2) J. et al., Nat. Rev. Immunol., 13, 75-87(2013).
3) Monticelli L. A. et al., Nat. Immunol., 17, 656-665(2016).

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Regarding possible alternatives to skin irritation testing using animals, I will comment on the importance of comparing in vivo data with in vitro data from the viewpoint of the specific purposes and needs of product testing. I recommend an alternative method using the results of occluded human patch tests, without of the need for animal testing.

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Wave potential of meteorological and seismological wave like "Tsunami" is expressed asymptotically by the cylindrical coordinates (r, θ,z) as follows: [numerical formula], where, h is the altitude of tropopause or depth of ocean, λ=2π/k is wave length, and τ=2π/σ is wave period, v=σ/k=λ/τ., and σ^2=g+T/ρ・k^2)k tanh kh, in which ρ is density of the air or , T is surface tension, and g is gravitational acceleration. According to the results observed by stratoscope and marinograph, vg=√<gh> is about 288.7m/sec or 204.6m/sec., which shows that corresponding altitude in the air is 8500.5m or corresponding depth of the ocean is 4270.0m. These values represent the properties of tropopause and the Pacific Ocean. The value of generalized capillarity T is calculated by detecting the velocity faster than the gravitational wave, which is the groupe velocity of long waves on the occasion of earthquake, and T is T(10^9ton/sec^2)=4.737×10^<-3> in the air or 8.842 on the ocean.

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In the present study, there are used two kinds of varieties of tetraploid plants of radish (Raphaleus satigus L.), a variety of tetraploid ones of chinese cabbage (Brassica pehilae7esis Rupr.) and their diploid plants, the polyploids being believed to have been derived from the diploids by the colchi ?? ine treatment. The leaves (the 6-8 th ones fro, m the growth 'point) of the plants grown on the iield were taken into the' Iaboratory, where they were put in pure water 'for a day and then in 0.1 KelO solution for a few days, resulting in that the tetraploid plants, are found much to the toxicant than the diploid ones. According to the hypotheses proposed by YA, MASAKI, one of the authors, pertain-ing to the :'physiology = of the toxicant resistance, the above noted facts seem to be due. 'co th.e dif-ference between' the tetraploid and diploid ones in the amount of the reducihg matters, such as a, scorbic acid, the reducing sugars, etc, which reduce KCIO, to KCIO, poisonous substance to plants.

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