In recent years, it has become possible to solve complex problems in substantial science as probability models without undue simplification, thanks to the development of various methods in the field of statistics. Statistics software is now widely available that allows users to input data and obtain results automatically without intricate familiarity with the details of these methods or algorithm. It is still the responsibility of the researchers, however, to select appropriate probability models (analytic methods) to apply for the relevant problems and to discriminate between useful and unnecessary information. This paper is on the selection of statistic analytical methods based on the lecture delivered at the 39^th conference.

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OpenAI 社が提供する ChatGPT のサービスの GPTs を利用して，大学の特定の科目の授業内容に関する学生からの質問に対し，過去の授業での質疑応答の記録（Q&A 集）に基づき，適切な回答を生成する TAチャットボットの製作を目指した．製作に当たっては，｢検索拡張生成｣（RAG）の機能を活用し，ユーザーの質問に対して回答を生成する前に，Q&A 集を収録した外部情報を参照して，過去の類似の質問に対応する回答を引用する仕組みを導入した．回答の精度を評価したところ，製作した TA チャットボットは，標準の ChatGPT と同等以上の精度で質問に回答できることが確認された．特に，Q&A 集からの引用に基づく回答は期待どおりに機能し，学内の環境や科目に固有の質問に対しても正確な回答を提供することができた．また，ユーザーの質問の表現の揺らぎに対しても，TAチャットボットは質問の趣旨を理解し，Q&A集から関連する回答を抽出できており，学生からの多様な質問にも柔軟に対応できることが明らかになった．

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem, because patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) may progress to liver cirrhosis and eventually evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma. Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a soluble receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, and has been implicated in anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory pathways. In this study, we explored the clinical value of serum DcR3 in predicting the active status of CHB in hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients (active HBeAg (−) CHB), which was determined with ELISA. The serum level of DcR3 in active HBeAg (−) CHB patients (1.92 ± 0.68 ng/ml) was higher than that in healthy controls (0.80 ± 0.25 ng/ml, p < 0.0001) and that in inactive status of HBeAg (−) CHB (inactive hepatitis B surface antigen carrier, HBsAg-IaC) patients (0.95 ± 0.26 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). DcR3 level was correlated with HBV DNA level (r = 0.819, p < 0.0001) and alanine transaminase level (ALT, r = 0.704, p < 0.0001) in active HBeAg (−) CHB patients. The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve of DcR3 for detecting the active status of HBeAg (−) CHB patients was 0.914 (95% confidence interval, 0.851-0.977). The optimal cut-off value for DcR3 to predict active HBeAg (−) CHB was 1.22 ng/ml, which had a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 84.4%. These results suggest that serum DcR3 level may be useful for detecting HBeAg (−) CHB in the active stage, which requires medical treatment.

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Prevalence of Self-Reported Work-Related Skin Conditions in Taiwanese Working Population: Yu-Hsuan SHAO, et al. Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University—Work-related skin conditions are among the most prevalent occupational diseases, but population-based studies of occupational skin diseases are few. This study was conducted by a nationwide representative sampling of employed workers in Taiwan to estimate the prevalence of work-related skin conditions. A total of 18942 non-self-employed workers participated in this survey. Data were collected by selfadministered questionnaires. Those workers who reported having upper extremity skin conditions and considered their skin conditions caused by work exposure were defined as having work-related skin conditions. More than a half of the skin conditions were considered work-related. Overall, 4.4% of male employees and 4.2% of female employees reported having work-related skin conditions in the past year. Work-related skin conditions were more prevalent among male workers than female workers (adjusted OR=0.8, p<0.05) after adjusting for other factors. Low education level (adjusted OR=2.52, p<0.05), exposure to paint (adjusted OR=1.69, p<0.05), electroplating fluid or agriculture pesticide (adjusted OR=2.11, p<0.05) and working in a hot working environment (adjusted OR=2.76, p<0.05) were predictors of having work-related skin conditions. Sanitary and pollution control services, mining and quarrying, personal services, building construction, and fishing were identified as high-risk industries. This study concluded that work-related skin conditions were a rather common occupational disorder in Taiwanese working population. Risk factors and high-risk industries were considered for further research and intervention. (J Occup Health 2001; 43: 238-242)

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Each building has its own features. To find the impact on attracting customers and tenant demand, from each feature of buildings such as facade, image recognition technology is useful to determine the number of features from image of buildings. We used convolutional neural networks of AI to learn and separate the correct and incorrect images for the three categories of commercial facilities, office buildings, and hotels predicted and conducted a comparative study for the correct and incorrect images. We found that there are unique characteristics of buildings by use, such as the ratio of glass area, the number of colors, the shape of the building, and the shape of the windows.

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We have designed and implemented a PC operation support system for a physically disabled person with a speech impediment via voice. Voice operation is an effective method for a physically disabled person with involuntary movement of the limbs and the head. We have applied a commercial speech recognition engine to develop our system for practical purposes. Adoption of a commercial engine reduces development cost and will contribute to make our system useful to another speech impediment people. We have customized commercial speech recognition engine so that it can recognize the utterance of a person with a speech impediment. We have restricted the words that the recognition engine recognizes and separated a target words from similar words in pronunciation to avoid misrecognition. Huge number of words registered in commercial speech recognition engines cause frequent misrecognition for speech impediments' utterance, because their utterance is not clear and unstable. We have solved this problem by narrowing the choice of input down in a small number and also by registering their ambiguous pronunciations in addition to the original ones. To realize all character inputs and all PC operation with a small number of words, we have designed multiple input modes with categorized dictionaries and have introduced two-step input in each mode except numeral input to enable correct operation with small number of words. The system we have developed is in practical level. The first author of this paper is physically disabled with a speech impediment. He has been able not only character input into PC but also to operate Windows system smoothly by using this system. He uses this system in his daily life. This paper is written by him with this system. At present, the speech recognition is customized to him. It is, however, possible to customize for other users by changing words and registering new pronunciation according to each user's utterance.

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The cervical lymph node metastasis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) has been considered to be the main causes of death. The aim of our study was to clarify the expression pattern of ABCG2 and podoplanin in OSCC tissues and corresponding cervical lymph node, and evaluate the diagnostic value of ABCG2 and podoplanin in OSCC for tumorigenesis, histological stage and clinical prognosis. ABCG2 showed a mixed membranous and cytoplasmic pattern of staining in specific regions of stratum corneum and the center of well differentiated cancer nest, while only expressed in cytoplasm of poorly differentiated tumor nests. Podoplanin showed strong staining in LV endothelia, the periphery of well differentiated cancer nests, and tumor stromal fibroblasts surrounding tumor nests. The expression of ABCG2, especially cytoplasmic ABCG2, and podoplanin protein showed significantly higher tendency to lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Meanwhile, podoplanin positive rate increased with the decreasing degree of histological differentiation (P<0.05). ABCG2 and podoplanin expression pattern is correlated with lymph node metastasis of OSCC. This result suggested that cytoplasmic ABCG2 with podoplanin have clinical potential in reliable molecule diagonsis for OSCC.

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　背景 : 政府は2015年までに交通事故死者数を3,000人以下とする目標を掲げた.

　目的 : 自動四輪車の乗車位置間の頭部外傷受傷率を比較し日本の外傷予防の問題点に言及すること.

　対象 : JTDB (Japan trauma data bank) に登録された2005年1月から2009年12月に発生した交通事故の自動四輪車乗員のうちMAIS (maximum abbreviated injury score) 3+の傷病者を対象とした.

　方法 : 頭部外傷AIS (abbreviated injury score) 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+, 5+そして6の傷害受傷率について乗車位置間で比較を行った.

　結果 : 後部席乗員の頭部AIS 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+受傷率が運転席及び助手席乗員に比して高かった.

　考察 : 日本の後部席ではシートベルト使用率が低く本結果の一因と推測される. 日本には事故と医療データを含むデータベースがなく傾向の原因追求ができない.

　結論 : 自動四輪車後部席乗員の頭部AIS 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+受傷率が運転席及び助手席乗員に比して高かった. 日本の外傷予防を進めるためには事故と医療情報を含むデータベース構築と活用が必要だ.

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Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a histopathological diagnosis that is associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical features and long-term outcome of OED between users and non-users of tobacco and alcohol. The hospital records of 456 patients diagnosed as having OED were reviewed. Two groups of patients were selected based upon tobacco and alcohol usage: 37 patients who had neither smoked tobacco nor drank alcohol and 419 patients who both smoked tobacco and drank alcohol. OED in non-users of tobacco and alcohol was uncommon, accounting for only 8.1% of all OED. There was a male to female ratio of 1:1 in the group. The tongue and buccal mucosa were the most commonly affected sites. An erythro-leukoplakic-type lesion with mild dysplasia was the common presenting feature. Mixed type lesions with severe dysplastic changes, particularly of the gingiva, may progress to malignancy. These findings support the notion that OED may also develop in persons who have never used tobacco or alcohol. Lesions more commonly occurred in women, especially in the tongue and buccal mucosa, and were mostly of the erythroplakic type. The presence of OED in patients who do not smoke tobacco or drink alcohol suggests that risk factors other than alcohol and tobacco may exist. (J Oral Sci 52, 13-21, 2010)

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Opengateは、ネットワークの利用時に情報機器の利用者認証を行うネットワーク・システムである。公開端末の利用者認証としてOpengateを利用したとき、電源を入れてからネットワークを利用するまでの時間帯は匿名で公開端末を利用でき、キーロガーの起動など不適正に利用される危険性が生じる。公開端末の匿名利用をなくすために、OpengateLogonを開発した。これは、Windowsの稼動する公開端末に小さなプログラムを導入することにより、公開端末の利用開始時点でOpengate認証を行なう。

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目的．末梢型の小型肺腺癌を対象として，MRI拡散強調画像の画像解析と切除標本の病理学的な所見とを対比しその有用性を検討した．対象と方法．2005年5月から2007年12月までに当センターで手術を施行した，病理学的な腫瘍長径が2 cm以下の小型肺腺癌38例を対象とした．対象症例を，Noguchi分類のType A+Bを非浸潤癌（n=12），Type Cを初期浸潤癌（n=21），Type D+Eを浸潤癌（n=5）と定義した．病巣部の信号強度（DWI）を脊髄部の信号強度（SC）で割ることでえられた比率（DWI/SC比）を算出した．CTとDWI/SC比の画像解析データをもとにROC（receiver operating characteristic）曲線を作成し比較検討した．結果．各浸潤度別のDWI/SC比（平均値）は非浸潤癌が0.444±0.283，初期浸潤癌が0.985±0.513，浸潤癌が0.790±0.344であった．非浸潤癌と初期浸潤癌（p=0.0021），非浸潤癌と浸潤癌（p=0.0468）との間で有意差を認めた．DWI/SC比は比較的にROC曲線が左肩上がりの傾向を示し，より安定的な結果となった．結論．肺野末梢型の小型肺腺癌に対する高b値拡散強調画像は病変の悪性度（浸潤度）を見極めるのに有用であり，そして近い将来縮小手術の適応など治療方針の決定に関わる付加的な情報を提供するものと思われる．

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目的：福島県喜多方市が虚弱高齢者に対して実施している体操教室「太極拳ゆったり体操」の介護予防の効果について，新規要介護認定の発生，および，生命予後との関連を検証することを目的とした．方法：喜多方市に在住の65歳以上で，要支援，要介護認定を受けていないもののうち，過去1年間に転倒経験があり，本プログラムに同意し体操教室へ参加したものを介入群34人，参加しなかったものを非介入群84人とした．体操教室の内容は，準備運動，「太極拳ゆったり体操」座位バージョン，休憩，同体操立位バージョン，整理運動の計60分コースであった．介入期間は，平成18年12月5日から平成19年3月22日で，週1回，全15回実施した．また，介入群に対して介入前後で質問紙法による調査と体力測定を行った．平成22年3月末までの要介護認定の有無，死亡の発生を確認した．分析は，介入の有無を説明変数，要介護発生状況と死亡状況の各々を目的変数とした多重ロジスティック回帰分析を実施した．結果：介入群は，男性10人（29.4％），年齢の中央値は73.0歳であった．非介入群は，男性40人（47.6％），年齢の中央値は75.0歳であった．新規の要介護認定の発生は，介入群が2人（6.3％），非介入群が19人（24.1％）であった．多重ロジスティック回帰分析の結果，新規要介護認定者は介入群の方が非介入群よりも有意に少ない傾向にあった（p=0.098）．死亡の発生では介入群が2人（5.9％），非介入群が5人（6.0％）であり，有意差は認められなかった．介入群における介入前後の質問紙法及び体力測定では，生活体力指標，長座位からの立ち上がり時間，10 m最大歩行時間，Functional Reach Test，最大歩幅において有意に改善した．結論：本研究では虚弱高齢者を対象に実施した「太極拳ゆったり体操」により，3年4カ月後の新規の要介護認定の発生を抑制できる可能性が示唆された．このことから，本体操は介護予防プログラムの一つとして有用であると考えられた．

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