The ability of Climacodon septentrionalis to immobilize and kill a mycophagous nematode (Aphelenchoides sp.) in vitro is described for the first time. Two isolates produced droplets (20–45 μm in diameter) that formed at the apices of tall, stalked, and branching secretory cells (700–1,500 μm tall). On 2% modified malt extract agar, nematodes became enveloped in the droplets, which restricted their ability to move and resulted in complete immobilization and death within several hours of contact. The rate of decomposition of the nematodes varied considerably, with most individuals persisting for weeks whereas others were degraded within several days and appeared to be colonized by dense hyphal growth. This study provides the first documentation of a non-agaricoid fungus producing secretory cells that are able to immobilize nematodes.

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The performance of single pitch and multi pitch screw anchors during the application of installation torque is presented. An experimental testing program was conducted using five models of screw anchors with different geometry. The effect of the shape of the screw element, sand properties, and installation depth on the required installation torque value was examined. A theoretical model was developed from which the required installation torque value can be calculated in terms of the influencing factors. The required installation torque can be determined in terms of the ultimate uplift resistance calculated from any of the available theories. Based on the actual installation torque value measured in the field, the anticipated pullout capacity can be back calculated from the present theory. A comparison between theoretical and experimental results showed good agreement. Also, good agreement was observed when the present theoretical results were compared with the available field results reported in the literature.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; (2) Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and () All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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Plate anchors are the popular type of anchors used in civil engineering construction both on land and offshore. In this paper, the uplift capacity of plate anchor in a sloped clayey ground has been brought out with the help of an experimental programme, carried out on a 50mm diameter model plate anchor. The tests have been conducted at slopes of O°, 15°, 30°and 45°. From the test results, it is found that in the case of shallow anchor, as the slope is increasing from O°to 45°, there seems to be a reduction in uplift capacity. Simple expressions are suggested to arrive at the uplift capacities in sloped ground. The mechanisms involved in the reduction of capacity with slope are explained based on the observed behaviour.

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Laboratory model test results for the holding capacity of inclined shallow square plate anchors in clay (φ=0 concept) have been presented. The inclination of the anchor with respect to the horizontal was varied from zero to 90°. Based on the model study, an empirical relationship for estimating the ultimate holding capacity of the anchors has been presented.

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The possibility of attenuation of microseismic waves due to the presence of an upward folding of the ocean bottom into the liquid is discussed in this paper. The upward folding of the ocean bottom has been idealized by means of an irregularity in the form of a rectangle intruding into the liquid and the evaluation of the displacement component at any point of the solid medium has been carried out in two stages. First, the change in the incident mode of the surface wave due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity has been determined, and second, the subsequent change of the resulting displacement components due to the termination of the liquid layer and the step change in elevation of the solid medium at the continental margin has been discovered. Finally, numerical calculation has been made to determine the attenuation of the microseismic waves of different periods due to the presence of the rectangular irregularity at the ocean bottom.

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Nine isoquinoline alkaloids belonging to the protoberberine, proaporphine and bisbenzyl-isoquinoline series were isolated from Caryomene olivascens (Menispermaceae). Four compounds are new : (-)-2-norlimacine (), (-)-caryolivine (), (+)-1, 2-dehydro-2-norlimacusine () and N-formylstepharine (). The last one is the first N-formyl derivative to be reported in the proaporphine group. Its biogenetic origin is discussed. Structures were established on the basis of 360 MHz (FT) nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and also by chemical correlation in the case of .

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-(2-Aminophenylthio)-, -dichloropyridazine (I) on treating with dil. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid gave -chloro-H-benzo[]pyridazino[, -][1, ]thiazine (, -diazapheno-thiazine type) through rearrangement and cyclization. -Chloro-10H-benzo[]pyridazino-[, -][1, ]thiazine (1, 2-diazaphenothiazine type) was obtained by either heating of I at 150°or treating of I with conc. hydrochloric acid through direct cyclization. The mechanism of the aforesaid reactions was discussed using a molecular orbital method. Several 1, 2-and , -diazaphenothiazine derivatives were synthesized.

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