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PREDICTION OF PULLOUT RESISTANCE AND PULLOUT FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP FOR INEXTENSIBLE GRID REINFORCEMENTS

/, 三浦哲彦, NORIHIKO MIURA

地盤工学会論文報告集
1996年 36 巻 4 号 11-22
発行日: 1996/12/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.36.4_11

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A new analytical method is proposed for determining the inextensible grid reinforcement pullout resistance and pullout force/pullout displacement curve by using basic backfill soil and grid reinforcement properties. The pullout skin friction resistance/pullout displacement relationship is simulated by linear elastic-perfectly plastic model. A hyperbolic model has been proposed to represent the pullout bearing resistance/pullout displacement relationship in which the maximum bearing resistance of a single bearing member is determined using a new bearing capacity equation proposed in this paper. The influences of the grid bearing member spacing ratio, S/
D
, the bearing member deflection rigidity, and the pullout softening behavior on the mobilization of pullout bearing resistance are explicitly included in the proposed model. Good agreement has been obtained between calculated values and laboratory test results.
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顎関節症における関節円板のMRIによる検討

関節円板の前方転位の程度と復位および臨床所見との関係

松木宏真, 尾崎登喜雄

日本口腔外科学会雑誌
1999年 45 巻 4 号 241-251
発行日: 1999/04/20
公開日: 2011/07/25

DOI https://doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.45.241

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To determine the position of the anteriorly displaced articular disc, we examined temporomandibular joints by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 54 patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint dysfunction. MRI was done before conservative therapy in the occlusal and maximal open-mouth position. We drew a straight line connecting the lowest point of the articular eminence (point A) and the highest point of the external acoustic pore (point
E
) by tracing the sagittal view on MRI. On the standard A-
E
line, points
B
', C', and
D
' were sought by dropping perpendicular lines from the deepest point of the glenoid fossa (point
B
), the highest point of the condylar head (point C), and the most posterior point of the articular disc (point
D
). We then determined the sagittal position of the articular disc in the glenoid fossa by measuring the distances
AD
' and C'
D
' and sought the correlation between these distances and clinical findings. The results were as follows. 1. The distance
AD
' in 33 patients with MRI-defined irreversible displacement of the disc was shorter than that in 10 patients with reversible displacement (3.7±1.
9
mm vs
6
.8±2.0mm, p<0.0001). In contrast, the distance C'
D
' in the former was longer than that in the latter (
6
.0±1.7mm vs 3.
4
±1.5mm, P<0.0001). Of 29 discs displaced anteriorly less than 5 mm in distance C'
D
', 19 (66%) had reversible or no displacement. However, 23 (
92
%) of 25 discs displaced more than 5 mm in distance C'
D
' had irreversible displacement. 2. Disc deformity and abnormal signal intensity bands in the condylar head closely correlated with distances
AD
' and C'
D
'. In 17 patients without disc deformity, mean
AD
' and C'
D
' distances were
9
.8± 2.7mm and 0.2± 2.8mm, respectively. In 19 and 18 patients with mild to moderate and severe deformity, the mean
AD
'(C'
D
') distances were 5.
4
±1.8mm (
4
.5±1.
6
mm) and 2.7±1.8mm (
6
.8±1.5mm), respectively. 3. Although distance
AD
' and C'
D
' did not correlate with clinical symptoms, the degree of anterior disc displacement correlated with the therapeutic effect of conservative therapy. The mean
AD
' distance (7.3±3.7mm) in 15 patients with a complete response to conservative therapy was longer than that (3.
4
±1.
4
mm) in 5 patients with no improvement. These results indicate that the sagittal position of the articular disc can be determined by MRI and that successful conservative therapy is unlikely if anterior disc displacement extends beyond 5 mm from the top of the condylar head, often resulting in irreversible displacement.
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Photochemical Reaction of Ergosta-
4
,
6
, 8(14),
22
-tetraen-3-one

Nobutoshi TANAKA, Ken-ichi HOSOI, Daizo TANAKA, Mimei TAKAHASHI

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1996年 44 巻 4 号 843-846
発行日: 1996/04/15
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.44.843

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Chemical properties of ergosta-
4
,
6
, 8(14),
22
-tetraen-3-one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give
6α
,
9α
-epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-
4
, 7,
22
-trien-3-one (2), which is transformed successively to
6α
, 7α;8α,
9α
-diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-
4
,
22
-dien-3-one (3) and 14α-hydroperoxy-
9α
-hydroxyergosta-
4
, 7,
22
-triene-3,
6
-dione (
4
) under these reaction conditions.
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Chemische und chemotaxonomische Untersuchungen von Filices. XXXV. Chemische Untersuchungen der Inhaltsstoffe von Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R.

村上孝夫, 木村毅, 和田浩志, 田中信寿, 斎木保久, 陳秋明

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1981年 29 巻 3 号 866-868
発行日: 1981/03/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.866

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (
6
R, 7
E
,
9
R)-
9
-hydroxy-megastigma-
4
, 7-dien-3-one-
9
-O-β-
D
-glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli in dogs

Özkan ASLANTAŞ, Ebru Şebnem YILMAZ

Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
2017年 79 巻 6 号 1024-1030
発行日: 2017年
公開日: 2017/06/16
[早期公開] 公開日: 2017/04/27

DOI https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.16-0432

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant
E
. coli isolates were detected in 95 (
22
.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), bla_{TEM-1b
(42), bla_CMY-2 (22
), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (9
) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.8%), followed by group D₂
(22
.1%), B
1 (15.8%), D₁
(9
.5%), A₀ (7.4
%), B2₂
(5.3%) and B2₃
(4
.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(6
’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.5 and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.8% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing E
. coli clone O25b
:ST131/B
2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing E
. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.
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48(P-13) ヒメマツタケ培養菌糸体の新規骨格化合物blazeispirol類の構造と生合成(ポスター発表の部)

廣谷正男, 金子麻美, 廣谷聖子, 浅田善久, 吉川孝文

天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集
2000年 42 巻 48/P-13
発行日: 2000/10/01
公開日: 2017/08/18

DOI https://doi.org/10.24496/tennenyuki.42.0_283

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Agaricus blazei is an important fungus for producing bioactive compounds. There are some reports of polysaccharides and steroid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of A. blazei. However, the chemical examination of the secondary metabolites of the cultured mycelia of this species has not been reported. Eight compounds, an unprecedented skeleton have been isolated from the cultured mycelia of A. blazei. The structures of the novel compounds each named blazeispirols A (1),
B
(2), C (3),
D
(
4
),
E
(5) X(
6
), Y (7) and Z (8) were confirmed by extensive 1
D
and 2
D
NMR spectral data and X-ray analysis. Blazeispirols A (1),
B
(2), C (3),
D
(
4
) and
E
(5) were des-A-ergostane type compounds having spiroacetal structure as a side chain. Blazeispirols X (
6
) and Y (7) were determined to be (20S,
22
S, 23R, 24S)-1 (10→
6
) abeo-14β,
22
:
22
, 25-diepoxyergosta-5,7,
9
,11-tetraene-3α,23-diol and (20S,
22
S, 23R, 24S)-14β,
22
:
22
,25-diepoxy-
9
,23-dihydroxyergosta-
4
,7,11-triene-3,
6
-dione by comparison of extensive 1
D
and 2
D
NMR spectral data with that of blazeispirol A. The biosynthesis of blazeispirol A was investigated by feeding ^<13>C-labeled acetates and methionine to the growing cultures of A. blazei. The labeling patterns of 1 derived from singly and doubly ^<13>C-labeled acetates were consistent with that of ergosterol reported previously except for the A-ring and then ^<14>C-labeled ergosterol was incorporated into blazeispirol A. Taking the structures of blazeispirols Z and
D
into consideration, it can be assumed that blazeispirol A is biosynthesized from ergosterol by the cleavage of C-
4
, C-5 and C-1, C-10 bonds on retro aldol condensation and Michael reaction via such as intermediate A as shown in Fig.
4
. A large number of ergostane-type steroids have been isolated from many fungi. However, blazeispirol A is the first example of a naturally occurring des-A-ergostane-type steroid including a spiroacetal structure moiety as a side chain.
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Role of Vitamins C and
E
in Regulating Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Markers in Preeclampsia

Mohd Suhail, Mohd Faizul Suhail, Hina Khan

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition
2008年 43 巻 3 号 210-220
発行日: 2008年
公開日: 2008/10/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.2008067

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We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group
B
which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and
E
. MDA increased from
6
.
22
± 2.8 (placebo) to 8.48 ± 1.2 (A) and 8.02 ± 1.8 nmol/gHb (
B
). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ±
4
.2 (P) to 23.8 ±
6
.
4
(A) and 24.1 ± 5.
4
μmol/L (
B
). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± 2.81 (P) to 8.02 ± 2.
92
(A) and
9
.39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (
B
), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from 0.98 ± 0.28 (P) to 1.24 ± 0.29 (A) and 1.08 ± 0.12 μmol/g Hb (
B
). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in
B
; GRx decreased 27% in A and 5.5% in
B
; GPx decreased 12% in A and
9
.
6
% in
B
. Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in
B
as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and
E
should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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中国でヒトに感染した鳥インフルエンザA(H7N
9
) ウイルスの性状，検査系の開発およびワクチン開発とその問題点

小田切孝人, 田代眞人

ウイルス
2013年 63 巻 2 号 233-240
発行日: 2013/12/25
公開日: 2014/10/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.2222/jsv.63.233

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RELIABILITY IN BACK ANALYSIS OF SLOPE FAILURES

WILSON H. TANG, TIMOTHY
D
. STARK, MAURICIO ANGULO

地盤工学会論文報告集
1999年 39 巻 5 号 73-80
発行日: 1999/10/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.39.5_73

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The advantages and disadvantages of using a back analysis of slope failures to evaluate soil shear strength are discussed. A methodology is presented herein that allows the implied level of reliability associated with soil shear strength parameters back calculated from slope failures to be estimated. A reliability approach is also used to estimate the probability of failure for a given limit equilibrium slope stability method, design factor of safety, and combination of back calculated Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters, c' and φ'. The methodology is illustrated using 39 landslides in the Orinda Formation in the San Francisco Bay area. The impact of additional case histories in the same geologic setting, i.
e
., a larger data set, on the required design factor of safety for a given probability of failure is also investigated.
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地盤数値情報データベースを用いた熊本県中部域斜面災害の解析

田尻要, 中山洋, 今泉繁良

土質工学会論文報告集
1992年 32 巻 2 号 159-168
発行日: 1992/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.32.2_159

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STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP OF FROZEN SAND AS A COMPOSITE GEOMATERIAL

安福規之, / 大嶺聖, 落合英俊, HIDETOSHI OCHIAI

地盤工学会論文報告集
2001年 41 巻 3 号 17-30
発行日: 2001/06/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.41.3_17

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The present paper aims at developing a simplified model for a stress-strain relationship at small strains up to an initial yielding of homogeneous saturated frozen sand. The modelling of elastic moduli for an ice-sand mixture as a composite geomaterial is first introduced based on previous studies, where a saturated frozen sand is treated as the icesand mixture. The applicability of modelling the elastic moduli under constant temperature is then discussed from the theoretical and experimental points of view. In addition, the hyperbolic stress-strain modelling of saturated frozen sand at small strain is presented. The effect of the volume fraction of sand, stiffness of sand inclusion and temperature changes on the elastic moduli and the stress-strain behaviour up to about 1-2% axial strain, which is defined as an upper yield stress, are investigated through the model, whose applicability is verified in comparison with the experimental data.
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22
a-
E
-
9
flavor混合力の性質

伊藤大介

日本物理学会講演概要集
1997年 52.2.1 巻 22a-E-9
発行日: 1997/09/02
公開日: 2018/03/04

DOI https://doi.org/10.11316/jpsgaiyo.52.2.1.0_10_4

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20 オオイソバナ(gorgonian coral)と数種の軟サンゴからのpolyhydroxysterol類の構造(ポスター発表の部)

小林優, 神田扶由子, S. M.
D
. Kumar, Ch. V. Lakshmana Rao,
D
. Srinivasa Rao,
D
. Venkata Rao, C. Bheemasankara Rao

天然有機化合物討論会講演要旨集
1990年 32 巻 20
発行日: 1990/09/25
公開日: 2017/08/18

DOI https://doi.org/10.24496/tennenyuki.32.0_151

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Melithasterols A-
D
(1-
4
), isolated from a gorgoinan coral Melithaea ocracea of Okinawa, were shown to be cholestane-, 24-methyl-
22
-dehydrocholestane-,
22
-dehydrocholestane-, and 24-methylenecholestane-derivatives. respectively, having a common 3β, 7α -dihydroxy-5α,
6
α-epoxy-Δ^8 steroid nucleus. This was confirmed by direct comparison with the authentic sample prepared by lead tetra-acetate oxydation of cholest-
6
-ene- 3β, 5α, 8α-triol 3-monoacetate. Twelve new polyhydroxysterols were isolated from an Alcyonium sp. (7,8,
9
), and Sclerophytum sp. (14,16,19
b
,20,21,
22
a,23,26,28) soft corals collected off the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. All the Sclerophytum sp. soft corals contained 17a or its 25-deacetyl derivative. Compounds 7 to
9
were identified as 24-methylenecholest-5-ene- 3β, 16β-diol-3-0-α-L fucoside (7) and its 7β-(8) and 7α-hydroxy (
9
) derivatives. Compound 14 was shown to be 24S-24-methylcholest-5-ene-3β,25ξ,26-triol and was correlated to the known compound 15 by 5α,
6
β-glycolation. Compound 16 was shown to be 5β,
6
α-isomer of 17
b
, correlating to 17
b
by PCC oxidation followed by dehydration. Compound 19
b
was identified with 25-deacetyl derivative of the known compound lobosterol (19a) by hydrolysis of authentic lobosterol. Compounds 20 and 21 were shown to be 7-dehydro-(20) and
22
E
-dehydro-(21) derivative of 17a and 17
b
, respectively, by comparisons of their spectral data with reference compounds. Compounds
22
a and 23 were 24S-methylcholestane-3β, 5α 25-triol-
6
-one 25-monoacetate (
22
a) and its 25-deacetoxyl derivative (23). Partial PCC oxidation of 17a afforded
22
a. Compounds 26 (andamansterol) and 28 (nicobarsterol) were shown to be gorgost-5-ene-3β,
9
α. 11α, 21-tetrol and novel secosteroid, 11,21-cyclo-
B
-homo-11-oxa-
9
, 11-secoergostane-3β,
6
α, 12ξ-triol-
9
-one, respectively, by spectral analyses (H-HCOSY, HMQC, HMBC).
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乳牛の分娩性起立不能症における血漿25(OH)
D₃
の濃度

沖村健司, 佐藤繁, 内藤善久

東北家畜臨床研究会報
1988年 1988 巻 11 号 27-31
発行日: 1988/12/02
公開日: 2009/04/22

DOI https://doi.org/10.4190/jjvc1978.1988.27

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乳牛の分娩性起立不能症予防のための基礎的資料を得る目的で、分娩後2日以内に起立不能に陥ったホルスタイン種乳牛
22
例の血漿25(OH)
D₃
濃度を調査した。初診日の血漿25(OH)
D₃
濃度は、15.0～174.
9
(58.3±40.
6
,M±SD)ng/mlと個体間の差が大きく、また、分娩前におけるV-
AD₃E
剤の経口投与の有無により差異が認められた。すなわちV-
AD₃E
剤投与牛(n=10)では88.7±40.
6
ng/mlであり、非投与牛(n=12)の30.
6
±7.0ng/mlに比べ、有意(P＜0.01)な高値を示した。初診後の経過にともない25(OH)
D₃
濃度は、ほとんど変化がみられなかった。
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22
a-
D
-
9
Quasielastic π meson scattering (KEK-PS
E
352)IV

藤井優, 橋本治, 中川武美, 高橋俊行, 里嘉典, 応田治彦, 発知英明, 野海博之, 青木香苗, 関本美知子, M. Youn, 太田靖久, 伊藤正俊, 坂口治隆, 竹田浩之, 味村周平, 岸本忠史, C.J. Gelderloos, J.T. Brack, M.V. Keilman, R.J. Peterson, R. Sawafta

日本物理学会講演概要集
1997年 52.2.1 巻 22a-D-9
発行日: 1997/09/02
公開日: 2018/03/04

DOI https://doi.org/10.11316/jpsgaiyo.52.2.1.0_60_4

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Isolation and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Magnoliae Cortex Produced in China

矢原正治, 西依健, 江田昭英, 野原稔弘, 西岡五夫

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1991年 39 巻 8 号 2024-2036
発行日: 1991/08/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2024

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A chemical examination of Magnoliae Cortex produced in China (Magnolia officinalis REHD. et WIL S., Magnoliaceae) has led to the isolation of eighteen new lignans and related compounds [four monoterpenyl-lignans : piperitylmagnolol (3), dipiperitylmagnolol (
4
), piperitylhonokiol (5) and bornylmagnolol (
6
); seven lignans : magnaldehydes
B
(8), C(
9
), magnolignans A(10),
B
(11), C(12),
D
(13) and
E
(14); three norlignans : magnatriol
B
(16), magnaldehydes
D
(17) and
E
(18); and four dilignans : magnolignans F(19), G(20), H(21) and I(
22
)], together with randainal (7), randaiol (15), sinapic aldehyde, syringaresinol, syringaresinol
4
'-O-β-
D
-glucopyranoside and
6
'-O-methylhonokiol. Their structures were determined by the chemical and spectral methods.
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VARIATIONAL AND TRADITIONAL RIGOROUS SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSES : COMPARISON OF SAFETY FACTORS

DOV LESHCHINSKY, SABINA CHOWDHURY

土質工学会論文報告集
1993年 33 巻 3 号 139-145
発行日: 1993/09/15
公開日: 2008/02/29

DOI https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.33.3_139

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-
D
applications; i.
e
., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-
D
is straightforward.
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Short-Step Synthesis of Plant Growth-Promoting Brassinosteroids

高津戸秀, 池川信夫

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1984年 32 巻 5 号 2001-2004
発行日: 1984/05/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.2001

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Brassinolide analogues, (
22
R, 23R, 24R)-2α, 3α,
22
, 23-tetrahydroxy-
B
-homo-7-oxa-5α-ergostan-
6
-one (24-epibrassinolide) (10) and (
22
S, 23S, 24R)-2α, 3α,
22
, 23-tetrahydroxy-
B
-homo-7-oxa-5α-ergostan-
6
-one (
9
), were synthesized from brassicasterol (3a) in five steps and with ca. 20% overall yield. The key steps are the direct formation of (
22
E
, 24R)-3α, 5-cyclo-5α-ergost-
22
-en-
6
-one (
4
) from brassicasterol mesylate (3
b
), the acid-catalyzed rearrangement of
4
to (
22
E
, 24R)-5α-ergosta-2,
22
-dien-
6
-one (
6
), and the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of the tetrahydroxy 5α-ergostan-
6
-ones 7 and 8.
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E
2 Core Polarization in ^{92Mo
by Lifetime Measurement of the 6
+} State

Carmen Gil

Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
1973年 34 巻 3 号 575-578
発行日: 1973/03/05
公開日: 2007/06/01

DOI https://doi.org/10.1143/JPSJ.34.575

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The lifetime of the
6
+ state in ^{92Mo
was measured by means of the gamma-gamma delayed coincidence method. The 330 keV (6
+}→
4
+) gamma-ray from the 2613 keV level in ^{92Mo
has been found to decay with a half-life T_1⁄2=1.51±0.08 ns. An experimental value of B
(E
2: 6
+}→
4
+) has been determined to be 76±
2e²

fm⁴
. Assuming four-particle configurations of
g_9⁄2
and p_1⁄2 protons both for the
6
+ and
4
+ states a polarization charge for the
g_9⁄2
proton is deduced to be
0.61e
.
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Chemical Transformation of Uronic Acids leading to Aminocyclitols. III. Syntheses of Aminocyclitols and Aminocyclitol-oligoglycosides from Uronic Acids and Glucuronide-saponins by Means of Electrolytic Decarboxylation

北川勲, 吉川雅之, 上垣内俊行, 白川清治, 池田善治

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin
1981年 29 巻 9 号 2571-2581
発行日: 1981/09/25
公開日: 2008/03/31

DOI https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.29.2571

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Conversions of uronic acids [
e
.g. methyl 2, 3,
4
-tri-O-methyl-β-
D
-glucopyranosiduronic acid (1),
D
-glucuronic acid (
9
), and
D
-galacturonic acid (17)] into the corresponding aminocyclitols [
e
.g.
6
b
, 7
b
, 8
b
; 14
b
, c, 15
b
, c, 16
b
, c ; 18
b
] have been accomplished by means of initial electrolytic decarboxylation and subsequent treatment with alkaline nitromethane, followed by catalytic reduction, and acetylation. The conversion method has also been applied to neutral sugar [
e
.g.
D
-mannose (19)] to affording L-neo-aminocyclitol hexaacetate (
22
b
) and also to two glucuronide-saponins [sakuraso-saponin (23) and desacyl-jegosaponin (27)] to afford aminocyclitol-oligoglycosides (26a, 28a). The present electrolytic conversion is noteworthy since prior protection of hydroxyl groups in the starting uronic acids is not necessary.
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