1, an ets-oncogene family transcription factor, has been shown to upregulate transcription from matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes, which confers the invasive phenotype on cancer cells. On the other hand, we have demonstrated by luciferase assay that 1 positively regulates transcription from the p21^waf1/cip1 promoter. Ca. cells were transfected with a metallothionein-inducible 1 expression vector (Ca.MTF) to investigate the relationship between invasive ability and cell cycle modulation caused by 1. MMP- and p21^waf1/cip1 protein were synergistically increased in the ZnCl₂ stimulated CA.MTF cells, and both proteins were identified in the same cells when 1 was induced. These results imply that invasive growth of tumor cells occurs in the static state of the cell cycle and that 1 plays a key role in this phenomenon.

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Background: Atrial fibrillation () sometimes cause heart failure (HF) even if a patient has preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function, but there is unclear what factor lead to heart failure. Methods and Results: From 2008 Sep to 2010 Sep, 180 patients with divide decompensate group (DECO, n=33) is led into NYHA III or IV HF and not decompensate group (NOR, n=147) is otherwise. We exclude under ejection fraction (EF) 55%, adaptation of valvular disease. Data are described consecutively DECO and NOR. Age is 75.3±., 65.1±12. (p<0.0001). Male gender is 45.% and 71.4% (p=0.004). Hypertension is 93.%, 59.% (p=0.0002). Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is 33.3% and 12.% (p=0.0045). Ischemic heart disease is 21.2% and .% (p=0.01). Chronic kidney disease is 21.2% and .2% (p=0.028). Left atrial diameter is 43.3±. mm and 39.1±.0 mm (p=0.0008). The ′ is .1±1. cm/s and .2±2.1 cm/s (p<0.0001). /′ is 19.0±12.0 and 11.2±4. (p<0.0001). Heart rate on attack is 136±20 bpm and 121±37 bpm (p=0.052). Diabetes mellitus, stroke, valvular disease, medications, LV diastolic diameter, LV systolic diameter, EF, and /A have no significant difference. Multivariable logistic regression analysis shows that /′ and age have relative risks 1.138 (%CI, 1.026–1.261) and 1.069 (%CI, 1.008–1.133), respectively. Conclusion: /′ and age are independent predictors of HF when patient fall into paroxysmal with preserved systolic function.

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Backgrounds: We evaluated that electrophysiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of atrial fibrillation () with sinus node dysfunction (SND) after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). Methods: Among 428 patients (male, 77.3%; 56.0±11.0 years old; paroxysmal , 69.4%) who underwent RFCA for , 50 patients (11.%) who had ECG documented symptomatic SND (28 Tachybrady (T-Bs) and sick sinus syndrome; SSS) were compared with 378 patients without SND. Results: 1. The patients with SND were older (60.3±61617; . vs. 55.4±61617; 11.1 years, p=0.003) and had higher /′ (12.4±61617; .1 vs. .±61617; 4.1, p=0.002) than those without SND. 2. Effective refractory period (ERP) at high right atrium (RA) was longer (ERP; 244.1±61617; 26.1 vs. 232.2±61617; 28.2 ms, p=0.033) and endocardial voltage at posterior left atrium (LA) was higher (1.2±61617; 0. vs. 0.±61617; 0. mV, p=0.041) in patients with SND than those without it. 3. The recurrence rate was not different significantly between groups (28.0% vs. 20.0%, p=0.623) during 12.±. months. A patient with SSS (4.%) and a patient with T-Bs (3.%) were implanted pacemaker because of recurrent symptomatic bradycardia after RFCA. Conclusion: is associated with SND more often in patients with old age, diastolic dysfunction, and high RA ERP. RFCA results in comparable clinical outcome in those patients, but 4% of them required pacemaker implantation due to recurrence and symptomatic bradycardia.

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Aims: The relationship between left ventricular (LV) function and

detection in embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) patients with insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) remains unclear. We investigated the association between LV function and detection in patients with ESUS after ICMs implantation.

Methods: We enrolled patients with ESUS who underwent ICMs implantation from September 2016 to September 2020 using a single-center, prospective registry. LV systolic and diastolic functions were assessed on precordial echocardiography by LV fractional shortening (LVFS) and average

/’, respectively. Associations between characteristics of LV function and detection of by ICMs were analyzed.

Results: Participants comprised 101 patients (median age, 74 years; male, 62%). During a median follow-up period of 442 days (interquartile range (IQR), 202–770 days),

was detected in 24 patients (24%). Median duration from ICMs implantation to detection was 71 days (IQR, 13–150 days). When LVFS and /’ were dichotomized by cutoff value, each of low LVFS (＜35.%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 4.77; % confidence interval (CI), 1.77–12.) and high /’ (≥ .65; adjusted HR, 4.56; %CI, 1.17–17.) were independently associated with detection after adjusting for age and sex. When patients were divided into four groups according to dichotomized LVFS and /’, the combination of low LVFS and high /’ was independently associated with .

Conclusions: In patients with ESUS after ICMs implantation, the LV characteristics of low LVFS and high

/’ were associated with detection.

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Backgrounds: It has been reported that somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is related with aging, or development of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that mtDNA4977 deletion mutation (4977-) detected from human blood contributes to atrial dysfunction in patients with . Methods: We studied for mtDNA4977- in 183 patients with non-valvular , (127 PAF, 56 PeAF) and 69 patients with healthy control. The detection of mtDNA4977- was determined by Gene Scan. Results: 1. The mtDNA4977- in patients were older than those without mutation (61.4±.2 vs. 51.±., p<0.0001). 2. Frequency of mtDNA4977- mutation in patients with ≤45 years old was not different to age matched control (.3% vs. 11.%, p=0.2371). 3. The mtDNA4977- had higher /, (11.3±4. vs. .1±3.1, p=0.0005), plasma levels of TIMP-1 (1.51±0.77 vs. 1.28±0.57 ng/mL, p=0.0210) and ANP (3.11±2.67 vs. 1.91±2.01 nmole/L, p=0.0010), and were more frequently taking statin (27.2% vs. .4%, p=0.0055) than those without mutation. 4. 82.3% with mtDNA4977- and 85.% without mtDNA4977- remain in sinus rhythm 12.±. months after RFCA (p=0.3008). Conclusion: mtDNA4977- was related with aging, diastolic dysfunction, serologic markers related with atrial remodeling or pressure overloading. Its frequency was not different to age matched patients with control, and did not affect the clinical outcome after RFCA.

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Background:The relationship between outcome of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for atrial fibrillation () and the severity of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains unknown.Methods and Results:Twenty-two HCM patients (12 female, aged 65±11 years) with paroxysmal (n=; 23%) or persistent (n=17; 77%) were enrolled. LV diastolic function was evaluated according to the ratio of the mitral inflow early filling velocity to the velocity of the early medial mitral annular ascent (/’) measured on pulsed wave and tissue Doppler assessments in all patients. Pulmonary vein isolation was performed in all patients. A second procedure was performed in 3 patients. During a follow-up of 21±12 months, sinus rhythm was maintained in 13 of patients (59%). /’ was significantly higher in the patients with recurrence than in those without (18± vs. 11±3; P<0.01). On Kaplan-Meier analysis the prevalence of recurrence was significantly higher in patients with /’ ≥15 (n=) than in those with /’ <15 (n=16; P<0.01). On multivariate Cox regression analysis the only significant and independent predictor for recurrence was /’ (hazard ratio, 1.16; % confidence interval: 1.01–1.37, P=0.03).Conclusions:LV diastolic dysfunction evaluated using /’ was associated with difficulty of rhythm control after RFCA in patients with HCM and . (Circ J 2015; 79: 419–424)

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Our studies on the constituents of so far above forty species of Solanum genera plants have resulted in the isolation of steroidal glycosides potent cytotoxity, antifeedant, anti HSV-1 activities and of the key intermediate on the biosynthesis of solasodine. On the way of these Solanum plants investigation, unusual peculiar steroidal saponins with opened -ring type, -1024, which corresponds to the precursor of the spirostanol and furostanol, 16,-dicarbonyl type steroids, -a-1 and -2, and a 20--seco-type steroid, SNI-14, have been obtained together with many usual furostanol and spirostanol type glycosides from some Solanum genera, three formers of which were from the fruits of Solanum anguivi, and the latter from the aerial parts of Solanum nigrum, respectively. The structure of -1024 was characterized as 3-O-chacotriosyl 3,16,,26-tetrahydroxycholest--ene 26-O- --glucopyranoside. The configurations at C-16 and - were not defined, however, this compound is regarded as an important precursor which would produce furostanol and spirostanol showing a variety of bio-activities. -a-1 and -2 were assumed to be isomers at C-23. The structure of -a-1 was characterized as 3-O- -chacotriosyl (23S,26)-23,26-epoxy-3,26-dihydroxycholest--ene-16,-dione. On alkaline treatment, both afforded the identical product. This compound was shown to be 3-O- -chacotriosyl 20-caboxypregna--ene 16-one. The occurrence of -a-1 and -2 are regarded as genuine constituents probably produced directly from -1024 on the biogenetic route. The structure of SNI-14 was characterized as 3-O- -lycotetraosyl 3,16,20(S)-trihydroxy- -pregnane 16-O-(-O- --glucopyranosyl-4(S)-methyl--hydroxypentanoic acid)-ester. This compound was supposed that it would be produced via furostanol glycoside as if Marker degradation took place in plant body. Representative these unusual novel compounds obtained in this time would provide additional important new pathways, route-A and route-, for steroidal biogenesis.

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Effect of an antirheumatic gold compound, Auranofin (

), have been revealed.  1-10 µM of inhibited prostaglandin (PGE₂) production and nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages treated with some stimulatory compounds.  We found that reduced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA levels, but not affected their enzyme activities.  We then revealed that partly inhibited the nuclear-translocation of NF-κB while PGE₂ production was almost completely inhibited.

  In the review on manuscripts,

is reported to down-regulate the mRNA levels of SLC47A1, , ATP1A3, ABCG2, , PIK3CA, and up-regulate the mRNA levels of ABCC3, ABCB1, , ABCC2, SLC31A2, CLTD, CLTB.  PGs are known to be transported by 4 transporters, OATP-PG (SLCA), SLC21A2 (OATP2A1, SLCO2), SLC21A11 (OATP3A1), and ABCC4, though I could not identify whether reduced PGE₂ concentration in cellular cultured medium as described above via these transporters by downregulation for export of PGE₂.

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Background: Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) is associated with the recurrence of atrial fibrillation () after cardiovertion in previous some studies. But it was not examinated that SEC have a influence on the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation. We investigated the relation of SEC and the recurrence of after procedure. Method: 229 patients with non-valvular who were underwant catheter ablation for were enrolled and performed trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) and trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) before procedure. SEC was diagnosed by TEE as the presence of smoke-like echogenic materials which swirled in the cavities. And other 2-echocardiography parameter was measured. Result: Patients with LASEC had a non-significant higher incidence of recurrence after ablation (25. vs. 20.1%, P=0.45). But Ablation time was longer in patients with SEC than in patients without SEC (88±34 vs. 91±59 P<0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of patients with SEC was mildly decreased than in patients without SEC (55.±. vs. 56.4±3., P=0.003). / ration, the marker of diastolic function of left ventricle was larger in patients with SEC than in patients without SEC (10.±. vs. .±2., P=0.004). Conclusion: LASEC was not associated the recurrence of after catheter ablation.

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「OLYMPUS OM-

-M1」 は，フォーサーズ規格準拠の一眼レフカメラと，マイクロフォーサーズ規格準拠のミラーレスカメラを統合する，オリンパスの新フラグシップカメラである．「OM- -M1」 は，オリンパス最高画質や新EVFシステム，耐環境性など，フラグシップ機に相応しい機能・性能を持つ．特に，コントラストと像面位相差を組み合わせた 「DUAL FAST 」 は，2つの規格を統合するのに重要な役割を果たした．本稿では，像面位相差の開発における技術的なポイントについて紹介する．

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in (.2%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), bla_CMY-2 (

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.

8

%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.

8

%),

D₁

(

9

.

5

%), A₀ (

7

.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.2%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.0% for tobramycin to 56.

8

% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.2%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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Background: Recently, tissue Doppler imaging and 2 speckle tracking method have been used to evaluate the electrical and mechanical function of the left atrium (LA). Methods: We conducted echocardiographic evaluation in 40 atrial fibrillation () patients (16 non-paroxysma ; age, 61±10 years; 32 male) undergoing catheter ablation (CA). Before and 1–3 months after CA, we measured LA volume (LAV), /′, PA-TDI interval (from the initiation of the P wave to the A′ wave on the lateral left atrial tissue Doppler tracking), LA average strain by velocity vector imaging. Results: In 17 patients with recurrence, longer PA-TDI interval, larger LAV and /′ were observed before CA than in those without recurrence (174±35 ms versus 148±20 ms, P=0.0119) (63±28 cm³ versus 37±12 cm³, P=0.0005) (.1±3.0 versus .4±1., P=0.0021). Tissue velocities of the A′ wave were lower in patients with recurrence (.2±1. cm/s versus 11.±2. cm/s, P=0.0014). There were no significant differences in other parameters. The A′ wave, LAV and LA average strain were significantly improved after CA, however, the PA-TDI interval remained unchanged after ablation. Conclusion: The greater PA-TDI interval, LAV and /′ and the decreased A′ wave could be useful to identify patients at high risk of recurrence after ablation.

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Background: Although new-onset atrial fibrillation (

) increases with ageing, the prediction of new-onset is complicated. We previously reported that pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (ePCWP) estimated by the combination of left atrial volume index (LAVI) and active left atrial emptying function (aLAEF) had a strong relationship with PCWP on catheterization (r=0.92): ePCWP=10.−12.4×log (aLAEF/minimum LAVI). We sought to determine the usefulness of ePCWP to predict new-onset .

Methods and Results: We measured LAVI, aLAEF and ePCWP on speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in 566 consecutive elderly patients (72±

years) without a history of . A total of 63 patients (73± years) developed electrocardiographically confirmed during a mean follow-up period of 50 months. Baseline aLAEF was significantly lower in patients with than without new-onset (17.±. vs. 28.2±.%), whereas ePCWP was significantly higher (14.±3. vs. 10.3±3.1 mmHg). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, ePCWP and aLAEF were strong independent predictors of . Using ePCWP >13 mmHg or aLAEF ≤% on univariate Cox regression analysis, the HR for new-onset were 3.53 (% CI: 1.68–.44, P<0.001) and 4.06 (% CI: 1.90–.65, P<0.001), respectively. By combining these 2 criteria (>13 mmHg and ≤%), the HR increased to 11.84 (% CI: .85–20., P<0.001).

Conclusions: ePCWP and aLAEF measured on STE are useful predictors of new-onset

. ePCWP provides added value for risk stratification of new-onset .

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Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic values of the /' ratio and other echocardiographic and clinical parameters in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation () with preserved left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Methods and Results: A total of 488 patients (322 men, age: 66±11 years) with non-valvular with preserved LV systolic function (LV ejection fraction >50%) were included. The and ' velocities were measured in consecutive heart beats and averaged. Mean follow-up duration after enrollment was 17.±.3 months. All-cause deaths occurred in 45 patients (cardiovascular deaths: n=29). There were significant differences in age (65.±11.3 vs. 71.±.1, P<0.001) and hemoglobin concentration (13.±2. vs. 11.±3.4g/dl, P<0.0001) between the deceased group and the survivors. /' ratio in the deceased group was significantly higher than that in the survivors (17.67±3.39 vs. 10.±3.30, P<0.001). Survival analysis showed that a high /' ratio (>15.0) represents a poorer prognosis (P<0.001 by Log-Rank test) than an /' ratio of 15 and below. Multivariate analysis identified 2 significant variables that were predictive of all-cause deaths: hemoglobin (hazard ratio (HR)=0.806, % confidence interval (CI)=0.733-0.886, P<0.0001), and /'>15 (HR=3.064, %CI=1.38-.804, P=0.006). Conclusions: /' ratio is a useful independent prognostic parameter for predicting mortality in patients with with preserved LV systolic function. (Circ J 2011; 75: 2350-2356)

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An increase in epicardial adipose tissue（EAT）in the left atrium（LA）predicts the progression of atrial fibrillation（）and recurrence after pulmonary vein catheter ablation（CA）. We hypothesized that EAT in the right atrium（RA）is also associated with the progression of and post-CA recurrence. Using 128-slice multidetector computed tomography, EAT volume and atrial volume were measured 3-dimensionally before CA in 68 patients who had proven （paroxysmal , 42; persistent , 26; mean age, 65±11 years; 42.％ female）with successful CA and 21 volunteers with sinus rhythm（age, 63±13 years; 52.3％ female）. In both atria, EAT and atrial volumes were largest in patients with persistent , followed, in order, by those with paroxysmal , and then healthy volunteers（P＜0.001）. Increased EAT and atrial volumes in both atria predicted persistent （P＜0.001）. Fifteen patients had recurrence（.1％）during the 2-year period after CA. Increased EAT volume in both atria were independent predictors for recurrence, and a RA EAT volume≥.2ml was an independent predictor, with a hazard ratio of .47（％ confidence interval, 1.2-24.3; P=0.03）. The combination of EAT and atrial volume in both atria was a more powerful independent prognostic factor, with a hazard ratio of 4.（％ confidence interval, 1.-3.; P=0.003）, and a sensitivity of 60％ in of 15 patients, and specificity of 81.1％ in 43 of 53 patients,（P=0.003）. RA EAT is associated with the progression of and post-CA recurrence.

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There is concern that repeat catheter ablation (CA) for the patients (pts) with atrial fibrillation () may decrease the cardiac function. Methods: We evaluated some echocardiographic parameters (LVEF, LAEF, LAESV, /′ and a′) in 66 pts (57±.2 years old, 54 men, 33 paroxysmal , 33 chronic ) with before and every 3 months after the CA. We compared the results between the 45 pts of 1st CA (1st group) and 21 pts of 2nd CA (2nd group). Results: The LAEF increased in both groups during .1±3. months follow up periods (1st group vs 2nd group: gain of LAEF (%); .±15 vs 1.3±13, p=0.06), although the increase of LAEF in the 2nd group was relatively small. The LAESV and the a′ showed almost the same tendency (1st group vs 2nd group: decrease of LAESV (ml); .±33 vs 1.±68, p=n.s: a′ (cm/sec); .±1. vs .±1., p=0.07). There were no significant change in the ventricular parameters between the group. Conclusions: Several echocardiographic parameters showed the improvement in both groups. However, the amount of improvement in the atrial systolic function was relatively low in the 2nd group.

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Hypothesis: Different alterations of volume between left atrium (LA) and appendage (LAA) can predict clinical outcome of ablation of atrial fibrillation (). Methods: Among 386 consecutive patients (37% non-paroxysmal ), 284 patients with LAD<45 mm and 102 with LAD≥45 mm were assessed. LA diameter (LAD) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography, and volumes of LA and LAA were calculated by 3- CT scan. Results: During mean ±16 months, rate of freedom from recurrence was higher in LAD<45 mm compared with LAD≥45 mm (80.3% vs 61.%, p<0.001). In patients with LAD<45 mm, LAD and LAA volume were significantly greater in patients with recurrence compared with those without recurrence (40.1±3. vs 37.±4.4 mm, p<0.001; 12.±12.2 vs .3±4.0 ml, p=0.042), whereas there was no significant difference in LA volume. In patients with LAD≥45 mm, LAA volume was significantly larger in patients with recurrence than those without recurrence (15.±. vs 11.±. ml, p=0.024), however, there was no difference in LAD and LA volume. In patients with LAD<45 mm, LAD was associated with higher recurrence rate (OR 1.127; %CI 1.031–1.232; p=0.008), whereas in patients with LAD≥45 mm, LAA volume independently predicted recurrence after ablation (OR 1.094; %CI 1.003–1.194; p=0.044). Conclusions: Larger LAA volume predicts recurrence after ablation of in patients with enlarged LA. These finding suggests that LAA is an important substrate of in remodeled LA.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation () using iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphic imaging. Ninety-two patients (47 male and 45 female patients ; mean age, 67±13 years) who did not suffer from structural heart disease or myocardial ischemia underwent MIBG scintigraphy. Global MIBG uptake was assessed by measuring the heart-to-mediastinal ratio (H/M) and washout rate (WR) on planar images, and the abnormal score (AS) was calculated on delayed MIBG single photon emission computed tomography images. Echocardiography was performed within a week after MIBG scintigraphy, to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and deceleration time (DT) . The patients were divided into four groups : patients with permanent with (n = 23, group A) or without (n = 19, group ) a history of CHF, and patients with paroxysmal with (n =19, group C) or without (n = 39, group ) a history of CHF. Results : The H/M ratio was significantly lower in group A than in other groups (2.0 ± 0. vs. group : 2. ± 0., group C : 2.3 ± 0., and group : 2. ± 0., P < 0.05), and in group C than in group (P < 0.05) . Similarly, the WR was significantly higher in group A than in groups and C (45. ±2.0 vs. group : 38. ± 1. and group C : 38.4 ± 2.3, P < 0.05) . The AS was the highest in group A (19. ± .2 vs. group : .1 ± ., P < 0.01; group C : 11. ± 10. and group : 13. ± .0, P < 0.05) . The DT was significantly longer in group A than in groups and (222.0 ± 59.4 vs. group : 179. ± 49.1, P < 0.05 and group : 177. ± 37.1, P < 0.01), but did not differ between groups A and C (222.0 ± 59.4 vs. 197.4 ± 51.1) . There was no difference in EF among the groups. Although CHF with is associated with diastolic dysfunction, the progression to permanent from paroxysmal with CHF might be caused mainly by sympathetic nerve abnormality.

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An empirical equation in use for estimating the pseudo-elastic shear modulus, G_f, of subsoil, associated with shear strains less than 0.001% is proposed in this paper. In a series of in-situ seismic cone tests performed nationwide, the profiles of both G_f and the in-situ void ratio, , with depth were successfully characterised at five sites, each comprising a soft clay layer deposited in the Holocene era. The database which comprised the original data from the field and laboratory tests, coupled with similar information on well-documented Holocene clay deposits in Europe, was statistically analyzed in attempts to determine a generalised relationship with which G_f of soft clay may be reasonably estimated only from routinely available borehole data; that is and the current geostatic effective overburden pressure, σ'_v. An empirical relationship, G_f=, 000 -√(σ'_v) (kPa), was derived from the statistical analysis applied to data from seven different clays worldwide, for which extended over a range between 1 and , and the overconsolidation ratio ranged roughly between 1 and 2. The applicability of the proposed relationship was evaluated for two case records, each in which the clay exhibited unusual behavior; i.., the undrained shear strength remained more or less constant with depth due to the existence of artesian pressure at one site, and, at the other, G_f decreased, whereas increased, with depth. It was demonstrated that even in these clay deposits exhibiting exceptional profiles, the proposed relationship was capable of predicting G_f with a reasonable accuracy by determining the profiles of and σ'_v with depth. In addition, the prediction when compared to G_max from carefully performed laboratory cyclic tests, yielded a better estimate of G_f from the in-situ seismic survey. Despite the fact that the empirical relationship was initially designated to estimate G_f of soft clays, it may be equally applicable to sandy deposits. This was verified by comparing it to similar, and well-established, relationships developed for sands. A case record as such is also described for a loose sand deposit at Higashi-Ohgishima in Tokyo Bay which was placed in 1960's by land reclamation.

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