We compared three groups of pregnant women: placebo with normotensive women, group A which included preeclamptics, and group which comprised preeclamptics who were supplemented their diets with vitamins C and . MDA increased from . ± .8 (placebo) to 8.48 ± 1. (A) and 8.02 ± 1.8 nmol/gHb (). NO concentrations were enhanced from 19.3 ± 4. (P) to 23.8 ± .4 (A) and 24.1 ± .4 μmol/L (). GSH contents were decreased from 10.42 ± .81 (P) to 8.02 ± .92 (A) and .39 ± 1.02 μmol/g Hb (), whereas GSSG concentrations increased from . ± .28 (P) to 1.24 ± .29 (A) and 1.08 ± .12 μmol/g Hb (). SOD activity decreased 23% in A and 14% in ; GRx decreased 27% in A and .% in ; GPx decreased 12% in A and .% in . Catalase activity, however, increased 27% in A and 29% in as compared to control. Thus, we conclude that the use of vitamins C and should be considered for the control of certain important biochemical indices during the development of preeclampsia; however, further studies are needed to develop methods for the prevention of preeclampsia in women at high risk.

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This paper outlines a mathematical description of the stress dilatancy behaviour of granular materials which accounts for stress level and void ratio dependencies. The consideration of these aspects has important implications in the modelling of granular material behaviour. In fact, granular material mechanical response is largely dominated by the evolution of dilatancy, fabric and void ratio histories. The starting point in this study is the well established Rowe's theory which is revisited and ultimately modified by introducing a factor linked to governing state parameters in order to describe the complete behaviour of granular materials during deformation. Numerical simulations of triaxial tests on granular materials at different void ratios and stress levels are herein presented to illustrate the model.

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Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for cytotoxicity against autologous tumor cells in a study utilizing a chemically induced cancer ofthe bladder (transitional cell carcinoma), -47, in inbred ACI/N rats. From tumors grown after subcutaneous implantation of -47 in the rats TIL were separated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated in plastic dishes for separation of non-adherent from adherent cells. The non-adherent cells were further fractionated into T and cells by the panning method using anti-rat F(ab')

2

antibody. The cell fractions were each added to

BC

-47 in culture to be assessed for antitumor effect by the crystal violet dye exclusion method and 3H-thymidine incorporation inhibition assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were also tested as described above. TIL expressed significantly higher cytotoxicity against

BC

-47 with the mean % cytotoxicity of 56.

6

±

5

.

6

% and 87.

5

±7.1% at

E

/T ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, respectively, as compared to PBMC(

9

.

9

±

5

.

0

% at

E

/T 10:1) (P<

0

.001). The adherent cells,

B

and T cell fractions showed respective % cytotoxicity of 92.4±

2

.8%, 57.

9

±10.

6

% and

9

.

9

±7.8% at an

E

/T ratio of 10:1. TIL pretreated with IFN or rIL-

2

for 24or 48 hours did not exhibit any noticeably enhanced antitumor activity at an

E

/T ratio of

5

:1. Prevention of direct contact of

BC

-47 cells and TIL by an interposed Millipore membrane (

0.45μm

) resulted in an unequivocal reduction of antitumor effect. This finding clearly indicates that the direct contact with

BC

-47cells and TIL is necessary for TIL to manifest their cytotoxicity against the autologous tumor cells, suggesting that TIL exhibit autologous tumor killing activity through cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

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The phase diagrams of the Ni-Mo- and Ni-W- ternary systems in the region of less than 50mol% were constructed by thermodynamic calculation, based on the data obtained by thermodynamic measurement of the related materials. We found three ternary eutectic points and three or two ternary peritecto-eutectic points as follows:
:L (1365K, 71.mol%Ni-.mol%Mo-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1355K, 62.mol%Ni-.mol%Mo-30.mol%)=++
:L (1445K, 42.mol%Ni-30.mol%Mo-10.3mol%)=(Ni)+NiMo+
P₁:L (1812K, 34.mol%Ni-42.3mol%Mo-.8mol%)+MoB=+
:L (1633K, 42.3mol%Ni-40.4mol%Mo-17.3mol%)+Mo=+
P₃:L (1812K, 53.mol%Ni-33.7mol%Mo-12.8mol%)+Mo=NiMo+
:L (1622K, 51.mol%Ni-31.mol%W-17.4mol%)=(Ni)+W+
:L (1260K, 71.mol%Ni-7.mol%W-.mol%)=(Ni)++
:L (1291K, 65.4mol%Ni-4.8mol%W-29.8mol%)=++
P₁:L (2115K, 23.8mol%Ni-43.1mol%W-33.1mol%)+WB=+
:L (1657K, 48.mol%Ni-33.1mol%W-18.mol%)+=W+
The calculated phase diagrams are expected to be useful for the development of new Ni-based heat-, corrosion- or wear-resistance alloys.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the ^116mIn activity. Directional correlations are also measured for 818–1293 and 1097–1293 keV cascades. The M1- mixing ratio δ, and the - mixing ratio μ_k are obtained for 818.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition to be δ=1.52−

0.22

+

0.26

, and μ_k≤

6

.1×10⁻⁴ respectively. The

E

2

branching ratio

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→

0_g

+):

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→2₁⁺):

B

(

E

2

;

2₂

+→0₁⁺) is determined to be

0

.0158:1.

0

:

5

.86.

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The gamma-ray spectrum and the conversion-electron spectrum are measured in the decay of the Tb¹⁵² activity. The L-subshell electron lines of the 586.7 keV +→2₁⁺ transition are separated by the ion-free beta-ray spectrometer. The M1- mixing ratio, , and the dimensionless ratio X of - mixing of the 586.7 keV transition are obtained to be ≤.16 and .034≤X≤.038, respectively. The branching ratio (; +→+): (; +→2₁⁺): (; +→0₁⁺) is determined to be .023 : 1. : ..

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The design implication of stress-confinement effect of nonwoven geotextile is addressed. The unconfined and confined strengths of a selected needle-punched nonwoven geotextile are used to conduct a comparative design of a granular soil retaining wall based on a limit equilibrium approach. A higher wall may be allowed when considering the confined strength as compared to the unconfined strength. For a selected wall height, confined strength allows for fewer geotextile layers when compared to that designed using unconfined strength. It is recommended that stress-confinement test procedure should be standardized so that confinement effect of some nonwoven geotextiles may be incorporated into an individual wall design procedure.

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This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and/or plasmidic AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia coli among dogs (n=428) in Turkey. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to characterize genes encoding β-lactamase and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and PCRs for virulence genes and phylogenetic groups were also performed. Cefotaxime resistant

. coli isolates were detected in 95 (.%) of the swab samples. Sequencing analysis results showed occurrence of various β-lactamase genes: bla_CTX-M-15 (62), blaTEM-

1b

(42), blaCMY-

2

(

22

), bla_CTX-M-3 (16), bla_CTX-M-1 (15), bla_OXA-1 (

9

) and bla_SHV-12 (3) alone or in combination. The most frequently encountered phylogenetic group was group A₁ (35.8%), followed by group

D₂

(

22

.1%),

B

1 (15.8%), D₁ (

9

.

5

%),

A₀

(7.4%),

B2₂

(

5

.3%) and

B2₃

(4.

2

%), respectively. PMQR genes, aac(

6

’)-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB10 were detected in 25.3, 10.

5

and 1.1% of the isolates, respectively. While all isolates were susceptible to imipenem and amikacin, resistance rates to non-β-lactam antibiotics ranged from 20.

0

% for tobramycin to 56.8% for tetracycline. The virulence genes were only detected in 34 (36.

2

%) of the isolates and this isolates carried single or various combination of virulence genes of iucD, papC, papE, f17a-A and eaeA. Four isolates were identified as human virulent pandemic CTX-M-15 producing

E

. coli clone O25

b

:ST131/

B

2

. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show fecal carriage of ESBL/pAmpC type β-lactamase producing

E

. coli isolates among dogs in Turkey.

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Approximately 99% of the fat in huma milk is secreted into the alveoli by the mammary secretory epithelial cell (lactocyte) in membrane bound milk fat globules (MFG). The MFG, unlike small molecules such as lactose, have little effect on the osmotic balance between milk and blood and therefore they can be stored in large amounts in the alveolar lumen.Approximately % of the fat in the MFG are tri-acylglycerols (TAG). Importantly, different species, . g. women, rabbits, cows and elephants, have distinctive combinations of fatty acids esterified as TAG in their milk.We have measured 24-h milk production, fat content and fatty acid composition at 1, , 4, , , and 12 months of lactation in women.Mean (±SD) milk production (375.-1: 153.mL/24-h/breast) differed between breasts, between women and with stage of lactation (p<.05). Whereas the fat content (35.±7.86g/L) and the percentage composition of 18: 1n (32.24±3.3), 18: n (.18±.66), 18: 3n3 (.76±.21), 20: 4n (.37±.07), : n3 (.17±.04), and : n3 (.±.07) differed only between women and with stage of lactation (p<.05).In contrast, the amount delivered to the infant differed (p<.05) between women only for 18: 3n3, : n3 and : n3 and no differences in amounts delivered were observed for any of these fatty acids from 1 to 12 months of lactation.Each child received a mean (±SD) of 8.27-.84 g 18: 1n; .38±.g 18: n;194±73mg 18: 3n3;92±31mg 20: 4n;43±14 mg : n3 and 49±21 mg : n3 every 24-h from breastmilk over the first year of life.These results indicate that variation in percentage composition of individual fatty acids (.g.18: n) does not always translate to variation in the amount delivered to the infant.
Milk fat not only accounts for approximately 50% of the infant's energy intake, but also is responsible for the supply of the essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are required for the optimal development of the infant.For example, arachidonic acid (20: 4n) and eicosapentaenoic acid (20: n3) are essential precursors for the synthesis of prostaglandins and immunomodulatory eicosanoids.On the other hand, docosahexaenoic acid (: n3, DHA) is a major polyunsaturated fatty acid in the membranes of the cerebral cortex and retina and higher intakes of DHA have been associated with higher ratings in intelligence tests particularly in children born prematurely. Fatty acids and mono-acylglycerols released by hydrolysis of TAG in the infant's digestive tract have a detergent like lytic action and inactivate enveloped viruses, gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa.The membrane surrounding the human MFG contains mucin filaments that may act as a decoy to pathogenic micro-organisms ( coli).Micro-organisms recognise mucin filaments as membrane docking sites from which to launch an invasive infection and are thereby lured away from the membrane docking sites on the epithelial cells lining the infant's digestive tract.
Despite the importance of milk fat to the infant, it is the most variable component of human milk.It varies, over the course of a feed, over the course of the day, with stage of lactation, from one lactation to the next, between breasts, and between women. The major predictors of the fat content of milk over the course of a day have been shown to be the length of the interval between breastfeeds, the fat content at the end of the previous breastfeed, the amount of milk removed at the previous breastfeed and the amount of milk removed at the current feed.However, we have found that the fat content of milk is determined primarily by the amount of milk (degree of fullness) in the breast.For example, if the baby sleeps overnight, the mother's breasts will be full of milk in the morning and the fat content of fore-milk (milk obtained before a breastfeed) will be very low.

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The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern-Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.

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　We fabricated Ni films on a Polyimide (PI) film and an Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) resin substrate using unbalanced magnetron sputtering assisted by inductively coupled plasma. For the PI film, the effect of ion irradiation was controlled by substrate DC bias V_S and magnetic flux density toward the substrate . For the ABS resin substrate, the effect of ion irradiation was controlled by target DC power P_T and magnetic flux density toward the substrate . For each substrate, we investigated the effect of ion irradiation on the Ni film structures in detail. The effect of ion irradiation was estimated by measured physical quantities with respect to sputtered atom flux, ion flux and ion energy. From x-ray diffraction measurement, the crystallite size t₍₁₁₁₎ increased with the effect of ion irradiation. Minimum film resistivities of .×10−

6

and 1.4×10−

5

Ωcm were measured for

B_C

=3 mT and

E

=

0

.24 on the PI film and

B_C

=

5

mT and

E

=

0

.

98

on the ABS resin substrate, respectively. We conclude that controlling the effect of ion irradiation is effective for high quality Ni film formation on the PI film and the ABS resin substrate.

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It has been shown after mathematical and mechanical investigation that Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) can be considered as a method to obtain the necessary condition of Slip Line Method (SLM), and that the solution can be obtained under the condition that F_s=1 and ∂F_s/∂θ=O, where F_s is the safety factor and θ is the inclination of the plane on which the safety factor is defined. Next, the generalized LEM (GLEM) is proposed, dealing with the following points : (1) Triangular or quadrangular blocks can be treated; () Safety factors are defined also on interblock planes; and (3) All types of plastic problems, slope stability, bearing capacity, and earth pressure are identically formulated. Two situations regarding treatment of the moment equilibrium condition are discussed. GLEM is applied to well-known problems. The results agree well with those obtained by theoretical methods. GLEM can be used to obtain the distribution of earth pressure or bearing capacity. GLEM, Iike ordinary LEM, is very effective for the practical problems, but GLEM is more theoretical and it can result in more accurate solutions.

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