Potassic-ferropargasite, ideally KCa₂(Fe₄²⁺Al)(OH)₂, is a new member of the amphibole group occurring in a schistose calcareous hornfels from Kabutoichiba, Kameyama, Mie Prefecture, central Japan. The amphibole occurs as black subhedral to anhedral crystals, up to about 700 μm long, associated with calcite, biotite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, scapolite, chlorite and titanite. Potassic-ferropargasite is optically biaxial negative with α = 1.680(2), β = 1.690 (calc.), γ = 1.698(2) and 2V = -90°. The mineral is monoclinic, space group /m, with refined unit-cell parameters a = .937(5), b = 18.108(5), = 5.335(4) Å, β = 105.30()°, V = 926.0() , Z = 2. The three strongest lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I) hkl] are 2.72 (100) 151, 8.48 (81) 110 and 2.61 (59) 061. Electron-microprobe gave SiO₂ 38.08, TiO₂ 1., 15.12, 0.44, FeO 19.96, MnO 0., MgO 6., CaO 11.73, Na₂O 1.57, K₂O 2.74, F 0.13, Cl not detected, O = F + Cl -0.05, total 98.08 wt%, corresponding to (K_0.54Na_0.42)_Σ0.96(Ca_1.95Na_0.05)_Σ2.00(Fe²⁺

2.59Mg_1.44Al_0.67Ti_0.22Cr_0.05Mn_0.03

)_Σ5.00(Si_5.91Al_2.09)

Σ8.00O₂₂

(OH_1.94F_0.06)_Σ2.00 on the basis of O = 23, assuming OH + F + Cl = 2. The crystal structure of the clinoamphibole type was refined to an R of 6.5%.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors and subjective symptoms of drug-induced renal damage.Through a search of the CARPIS (Case Reports of Adverse Drug Reactions and Poisoning Information System) database,which contains over 47,000 case reports of adverse drug reactions,we obtained 476 cases of drug-induced renal damage which were assigned to a case group.We also selected 1,420 non-renal adverse reactions at random and assigned them to a control group.Logistic regression analysis revealed that the patient background factors of child (age : 0-15 years) (odds ratio (OR)=1. ; 95% confidence interval (95% .I.)=1.35-2.71),infection (OR=1.49 ; 95% .I.=1.06-2.07)and renal damage (OR=2. ; 95% .I.=1.70-4.54)were associated with a significantly greater risk of developing drug-induced renal damage.In addition,bucillamine (OR=18.39 ; 95% .I.=7.89-48.47),propylthiouracil (OR=.36 ; 95% .I.=.7025.42),penicillamine (OR=7.14 ; 95% .I.=.06-17.20)and diclofenac (OR=6.07 ; 95% .I.=2.72-13.76),and cisplatin (OR=.69 ; 95% .I.=4.40-.)were found to significantly raise the risk of drug-induced renal damage.Edema,hematuria and oliguria were also significantly associated with drug-induced renal damage.These results will be useful in the community pharmacy setting.

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The crystal of the title compound, ·H₂O, belongs to space group P2₁/a with cell dimensions of a = .37(6), b = 13.23(7), = .5(2)Å, and β = .(1)°. The final R value is 0.076. The molecule takes a folded conformation with the distance between the centroids of the two phenyl rings being 8.93 Å. The dihedral angle between the two phenyl rings is 48.°.

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The pharmacokinetic information provided in the package insert of the original pravastatin sodium product and the package inserts of pravastatin sodium generics was examined. Pharmacokinetic parameters had been determined following the oral administration of 10 mg of pravastatin sodium. Package inserts were examined to see if all parameters were given or not and the ratios between the individual pharmacokinetic parameters of the original product (Op) and those of the generic products (Gp) were calculated using the formula PPr=Gp/Op (PPr= pharmacokinetic parameter ratio).
While the package insert of the original product gave values for all of the pharmacokinetic parameters, i.., C_max, T_max, T_1/2, and AUC, the package inserts of only 10 of the generic products had values for all four parameters. The PPrs of the generic products were 2.63 ± 0.61, 1. .61 (mean ± S.D., min-max) for C_max, 0.55 ± 0.09, 0.45-0. for T_max, 1.98±0.78, 0.89-. for T_1/2, and 2.95±1.10, 1.25-5.23 for AUC.
Though these results show that the generic products are definitely bioequivalent to the original product, many of them fall outside the acceptability limits (0.8-1.25) for bioequivalence when only the information in their package inserts is compared. Therefore, the package inserts of generic products should specify the name and manufacturer of the reference product used in the bioequivalence studies and also give the pharmacokinetic parameters determined for it. This information will make the package inserts of generic products more useful.

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慢性型肝炎患者に対するインターフェロン治療効果をHCVコア(-)抗体反応から検討した. 治療前血清-抗体価は血清ALT値と有意な相関を示し, 肝の炎症活動性と比較的, 高い相関を有することが示唆された. IFN治療に対する反応を治療後6ヵ月後の血清HCV-RNA値から, 著効, 一過性反応, 無効に分けて検討すると, いずれの群でも血清-抗体価はIFN治療中に低下する傾向を示した. したがって, IFN治療中の血清-抗体価の変動から, これら反応群の鑑別は困難であったが, 治療後, 著効群では抗体価がさらに低下する傾向を示したのに対し, 著効群以外の群では再上昇を示した. 治療後6ヵ月後の血清-抗体価%比79%で, 高い感度, 特異性, 信頼性で著効群とその他の群を鑑別することが可能であった.

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In 50 healthy adults (25 males, 25 female) aged -y, we measured the plasma phylloquinone (PK), menaquinones (MKs), urinary γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla), plasma prothrombin and protein levels. The levels of PK and MK-4 to MK- in healthy adult plasma were 1.78±0.32, 1.12±0.20, 0.13±0., 0.14±0., 1.67±0.25, 0.09±0., 0.10±0.04ng/ml (Mean±SE), respectively. PK, MKs and γ-Gla levels increased with age, but the sex effect observed in this study was not found. Plasma prothrombin and protein levels were found to be constant.
Furthermore, PK, MK-4 and 7 levels showed a significant positive correlation with urinary γ-Gla levels.

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We reported a case of basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) . A 12-year old boy visited us for the examination of numerous skin pits on the palms. He showed hypertelorism, mandibular cyst, calcification of the falx, and mental retardation. Clinical diagnosis of BCNS was made by these findings. Examination of other family members did not reveal palmar pits or any other signs of BCNS. Skin biopsy from the palmar pits showed reduced thickness of the stratum corneum and the presence of basal cell carcinoma in the dermis.
Chromosome-analysis of peripheral leukocytes revealed the deletion of q21.-.1. His parents did not show any abnormalities in chromosome-analysis. Very few cases of BCNS have been reported that have basal cell carcinoma on the palms. [Skin Cancer (Japan) 2000; 15: 27-30]

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Background: Exenatide (EXE), a prototypical GLP-1R agonist, is known as glucoregulator, antiobesogenic and antidyslipidemic in hyperlipidic and hyperglucidic diet-induced obesity in rats (DIO). Objective: To evaluate bone effects of DIO and DIO treatment with EXE (DIO-

). Methods: 72-75-day-old male rats had access only to (i) hyperlipidic food (5.2 kcal/g) and 30% sucrose solution for drinking (1.2 kcal/mL), or (ii) received normocaloric diet ( kcal/g) and were allowed to feed and to drink water ad libitum. 122-125-day-old rats with 20% overweight were selected from i as obese and those with normal weight were selected from ii as control () animals. Thus, obese animals remained untreated (DIO) or were treated with 10 μg EXE/kg sc (DIO-) daily, for 20 days. Plasma levels of insulin (INS), leptin (LEP), osteocalcin (OCN), carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX-1) (ng/mL), as well as calcitonin (CT) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. Bone mineral density of femur (BMDF) (g/) was measured by X-rays. Results: DIO exhibited similar INS (12.±1.83, n=4) and CT (2.±1.05, n=4), higher LEP (0.33±0.04, n=5) and lower CTX-1 (0.48±0., n=) than . The treatment of DIO with EXE restored LEP (0.04±0.02, n=5), decreased CTX-1 (0.50±0., n=5) and increased CT (6.87±0.72, n=5). The levels of OCN (1.58±0.41, n=5), P1NP (.64±16.89, n=5) and BMDF (1.±0.07, n=5) of and those of DIO and DIO- were similar. Conclusions: Despite of increased LEP, decreased CTX-1 and normal OCN, P1NP and BMDF reflect a relative normal balance in bone turnover in DIO. Mechanical overloading due to high body mass is known as a factor that promotes this normal condition. Given that EXE decreases 14% body mass of DIO, the present study suggests that normalization of LEP and increased CT and decreased CTX-1 are concomitant beneficial effects of EXE that contribute for maintaining bone turnover under decreased mechanical load in DIO.

Supported by FAPESP, CNPq and CAPES

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This paper reviews the recent major research in anthropological archaeology (1980-2002) conducted in Mesoamerica (Mexico and Central America) by Japanese scholars. Compared to the long research tradition of Andean archaeology established by Japanese scholars in Peru since 1958, Mesoamerican archaeology is still coming of age in Japan. However, several Japanese scholars have contributed to anthropological studies of the development of complex societies by publishing books and articles in the Americas and Europe. Therefore, in this article, I focus on recent archaeological studies oriented towards anthropological problems. I first look at recent investigations at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Then, I examine anthropological archaeological research in Central America. Unlike ethnological research, which can only study cultural change over decades, archaeological studies can look at long-term patterns of change over hundreds of years. In this context, Mesoamerican archaeology can advance anthropological studies of the development of complex societies. Important questions of anthropological interest include the rise and decline of pre-industrial state-level societies, the nature and role of exchange in the development of complex societies, the nature of urbanism, the relationship between warfare and the development of sociopolitical complexity, native worldviews and ritual meanings, household organization and domestic activities, and articulations of domestic groups with larger political organizations. Although the Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican people developed a complex stratified society with an advanced writing system, calendar, and astronomy, its essentially neolithic technologies and lack of beasts of burden were in striking contrast to the ancient civilizations of the Old World. The unique evolutionary trajectory of Mesoamerican civilization before the globalization of humanity under European hegemony, as well as that of other New World native cultures, remind us of the wide variability in societal development. The studies of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica provide an important empirical foundation for a general theoretical understanding of the nature of human society and its major evolutionary trends.

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2010 年代半ばから、GAFA 等が台頭しデータの経済的な価値が注目を浴びる中、国民経済計算としてもデータの価値を正しく捕捉することが求められている。 内閣府経済社会総合研究所では、データの資本化について、将来の実装を見据えて 2022年度より基礎的な研究・検討を進め、諸外国の先行研究を参考として、データ等の産出額の暫定的な試算を行い、2023年５月に公表した。 2020 年時点の名目産出額は、データが６兆 7,500 億円、データベースが１兆 1,360 億円、データ分析が５兆,610億円となり、直近の 10 年間で増えていることが分かった。諸外国の試算結果とおおよそ比較できるように複数の試算を行ったところ、規模、GDP成長寄与度は同程度であった。 現時点で概念及び実務上の論点が多く残っており、今後公表予定である推計ハンドブック等で国際的に統一的な指針が示されることが期待される。内閣府経済社会総合研究所としても、引き続き、積極的に国際議論へ関与していく。

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The title compound, 1-(2-benzoylphenyl)-,-dimethyltriazene (I), , crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1 with cell constants: a = 8.3555(), b = 8.9826(16), = 10.0609(14)Å, α = 88.517(16), β = .956(11), γ =69.082(11)°. 1-(4-Benzoylphenyl)-,-dimethyltriazene (II), , crystallizes in the same crystal system and space group with two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit: a = 11.453(), b = 12.046(7), = 12.237(4)Å, α = 71.66(), β = 65.(), γ = 65.(6)°.

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Tokyoite, +(VO₄)₂(OH), the +-analogue of gamagarite, is found from the Shiromaru mine, Okutama, Tokyo, Japan. It is monoclinic, P2₁/m, a = .10(4), b = 6.13(2), = 7.89(5) Å, β = 112.2(5)°, Z = 2. The strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are .73 (15) (111), .31 (100) (112), .08 (20) (020), .00 (16) (301, 212, 102), 2.90 (19) (120), 2. (62) (121, 300), 2.16 (18) (321), 1.963 (15) (204). Electron microprobe analysis gave V₂O₅ 31.77, SiO₂ 0.15, 0.07, 2.33, 11.27, CaO 0.07, BaO 51.91, SrO 0., Na₂O 0.13, H₂O (calc.) 1.59, total 99.51 wt. %, and lead to the empirical formula, ()_Σ1.96(+

0.81Fe³

+_0.17Al_0.01)_Σ0.99[(V_1.99Si_0.01)

O_7.92

](OH)_1.00 on the basis of V + Si = 2 and (OH) = 1. It is translucent and black red in color with a vitreous luster. The streak is dark brownish red and cleavage is not observed. The Mohs' hardness is about 4 to 4.5. The calculated density is 4.62 g/

cm³

. It has distinct pleochroism, from reddish orange to dark brownish red in thin section and the calculated mean refractive index is 2.

03

. It occurs as irregular grains under 15 μm, and the aggregates are up to 250 μm wide in association with braunite, hyalophane and tamaite. The mineral is formed under the later stage activity of low grade metamorphism.

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Magnetic properties of Cu–Mn–Sb alloys containing 4.98∼59.% Mn and 10.∼79.71% Sb have been measured. It has been found that the alloys consisting of about 17∼40% Mn, 10∼54% Sb and ∼65% Cu show high coercivity when tempered at 150°∼650° after chill-casting and the alloy consisting of .04% Mn, 33.00% Sb and the rest Cu exhibits the highest coercive force _IH_C of 2000 Oe and a residual intensity of magnetization Ir of 12 .m.u. It has further been determined by means of electron microscopic observation and X-ray analysis that these high-coercivity alloys contain many acicular fine particles of the ferrimagnetic compound Mn₂Sb dispersed in the matrix of the nonmagnetic α_Cu phase. The high coercivity of these alloys is probably caused by the energies of crystal magnetic anisotropy and shape magnetic anisotropy of these small particles composed of a single magnetic domain.

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帯状疱疹に対するRo-8181の有効性, 安全性および有用性を検討するため, ヒト血清アルブミンを対照薬として, 二重盲検比較試験を行つた。皮膚症状の観察項目別の改善率では, 水疱·膿疱において投与開始後5日目でRo-8181群70%, placebo群50%で, 両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。皮膚症状改善度の推移を著明改善以上の症例についてみると, 投与開始後4日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群8%, placebo群0%であり, Fisherの直接計算法で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。また, 投与開始後5日目の著明改善率はRo-8181群15%, placebo群%であり, κ² 検定で両群間に差(p<0.05)が認められた。主治医による有効性の判定ではU検定でRo-8181群が優れている傾向が認められた。主治医による安全性の判定では副作用発現率がRo-8181群83%, placebo群14%であり, U検定で両群間に差(p<0.001)が認められた。主治医による有用性の判定ではU検定で両群間に差は認められなかつた。以上の結果より, 帯状疱疹に対し, Ro-8181は皮疹のうち水疱·膿疱に対して有効であり, 主治医判定でも有効性が認められたが, 安全性については本薬剤の耐薬性が示されたものの副作用の発現率が高かつたため, 有用性は高くないと考えられた。

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Manjiroite, a new manganese dioxide mineral, occurs in the oxidation zone of rhodonite-tephroite-rhodochrosite bedded ore deposits of Kohare Mine, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, running along the boundaries between chert and schalstein of Permian age. It is associated with pyrolusite, nsutite, birnessite, cryptomelane and goethite. Manjiroite is dense compact masses up to 10×8×5cm., with marked conchoidal fracture. Colour dark brownish-gray, luster dull, streak brownish-black. No cleavage, sp. gr. 4.29, Vickers hardness 181 av. Under the microscope opaque, distinctly anisotropic with weak pleochroism.
Analysis gives MnO₂ 85.79, MnO .17, CuO 0., CoO none, ZnO 0., MgO 0.18, CaO 0., Na₂O 2.99, K₂O 1.39, BaO 0.16, 0.62, 0.40, TiO₂ none, SiO₂ 0.12, H₂O- 0.68, H₂O+., sum 99.71%. This corresponds to (Na_0.73 Ba_0.01) _0.99 (Mn⁴⁺_7.46 Mn₂₊^0.34 A1_0.09 Fe_0.04 Mg

0.03

) _7.96 O₁₆⋅1.64H₂O or (Na, K) Mn⁴⁺₈ O₁₆⋅nH₂O (probably n<2). The DTA curve shows endothermal effects at 530°, 905°, and 980°

C

. X-ray study shows it to be tetragonal, a_O

9

.916, c_O 2.864A, isostructural with cryptomelane. There is probably an isomorphous series between cryptomelane and majiroite. The strongest lines of the X-ray pattern are 2.406 (100) (121), 7.02 (98) (110),

3

.14 (

92

) (130), 4.94 (77) (200), 2.160 (69) (301), 1.839 (46) (141), 1.548 (46) (251), 2.332 (38) (330), 1.431 (38) (002).
The name is given in honour of Dr. Manjiro Watanabe, mineralogist, economic geologist and Emeritus Professor of Tohoku University, Japan. The mineral, Manjiroite, has been approved by the Commission on New Mineral and Mineral-Name, I. M. A.

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CTAの行政上の取り扱い、歴史、投資戦略等をまず簡単に説明する。CTAとは金融先物、オプション、スワップを対象とした取り引きに関する投資のアドバイスやサービスを個人、ファンドに提供する個人、または組織に対する金融行政上の用語で、正式名はCommodity trading advisorである。CTAという用語は投資信託、ETFを含むヘッジファンド、プライベートファンドへの投資アドバイスにも適応される。CTAs は米国連邦政府による規制対象であり Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) への登録と National Futures Association (NFA) のメンバーになることが義務付けられている。また、CTAはヘッジファンドの投資スタイルのひとつ (Global Macro) でもある。

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-7,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (2), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), 7-dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and 2.4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, 2, , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at -5 and/or -6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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Chemical properties of ergosta-4, 6, 8(14), -tetraen--one (1) were investigated. Though 1 is rather stable to acids or bases, it reacts easily with two moleculres of oxygen on irradiation with UV light to give 6α, -epidioxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4, 7, -trien--one (2), which is transformed successively to 6α, 7α;8α, -diepoxy-14α-hydroperoxyergosta-4, -dien--one () and 14α-hydroperoxy--hydroxyergosta-4, 7, -triene-, 6-dione (4) under these reaction conditions.

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