In long-term recovery after massive earthquakes, reconstruction governance (RG) protocol must be established considering diverse actors to adapt flexibly to changing circumstances. This study discloses the characteristics of four RG protocols employed in the aftermath of different earthquake disasters in Italy. In addition, these RG protocols are modelled into four models with two axes and their historical development processes are identified. The results reveal that four RG models have distinct characteristics that helped manage each catastrophic quake disaster. Hence, these models must be modified according to the actual situation in the aftermath of a future disaster.
