抄録
I studied these three flowing phenomena in the developmental processes of Modern Architecture, these are 1. from German Expressionism to Neue Sachlichkeit, 2. from Sachlichkeit to Neue Sachlichkeit, 3. changed design philosophy in the Bauhaus. Expressionist architecture has an individual-cultural tendency, because it's architecture depends deeply on the architect's intuitive Ausdruck. This architecture flourished in the revolutional chaos. But since 1923, the current has changed to the Neue Sachlichkeit. The ideology is a materialistic ideal to realize needs of the age technically, and has a universal-civilizational tendency. In England which was more advanced nation than Germany, Schinkel and Muthesius paid great attention to the buildings and the daily goods without old styles and decorations. They called this faithful beauty Sachlichkeit. In German, the Sachlichkeit became a slogan to modernize art and architecture of the age. These Sachlichkeit including Expressionist's Sachlichkeit, had an individual-cultural tendency, because Muthesius' still remained vernacular in character and Expressionist's was intuitive. Since 1923, this Sachlichkeit also changed to Neue Sachlichkeit. The Bauhaus started with revolutionary expressionism or guild-socialism, so it will be said that, it has an individual-cultural tendency in the early period. But since 1923, Weimar republic overcame the chaos and the pessimism of civilization, and had constructive period, the Bauhaus changed it's design philosophy, known as Gropius' "Art and Technoloy-A New Unity", Moholy=Nagy's "Constructivism", and H. Meyer's "Function×Economy". These had a universal-civilizational tendency. Thus, these flowing phenomena changed their basic outlook "from the individualism of oultures to the universalism of civilization". This phenomenon will be a flowering of modern architecture.
