Abstract
The 86th
Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society was held in a web-based format on March 11–13, 2022. In accordance with the internationalization policy of the JCS, the meeting was held with the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Congress 2022. The main theme was “Cardiology Spreading its Wings”. The number of patients with heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases is increasing dramatically, and the fields dealt with by cardiovascular medicine are also greatly expanding. This conference was both intellectually satisfying and exciting for all participants, who numbered over 14,900. The meeting was completed with great success, and the enormous amount of cooperation and support from all involved was greatly appreciated.
General Program Overview
The 86th
Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) was held in a web-based format on March 11–13, 2022. In accordance with the policy of the JCS, which promotes internationalization, this meeting was held with the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Congress (APSC) 2022 (Figure 1A). Although the change in the way the event was held due to COVID-19 did not allow for interaction at the venue, the general abstract presentations were not divided, providing an opportunity for interaction between the JCS and APSC.
Although many people are suffering as a result of the new coronavirus, the JCS believes it has an important mission to provide members with the latest information on cardiovascular care and an opportunity to think about cardiovascular care. The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the creation of, and adaptation to, a new normal lifestyle. The 86th
Annual Scientific Meeting of JCS was originally scheduled to be held in Kobe, but due to the spread of COVID-19, it was held via the web for the second time in JCS history. The live webcast was held from March 11 to 13, 2022, using the Kobe International Exhibition Hall as the distribution base for the conference (Figure 1B). Congress Chairperson of JCS, Professor Hiroshi Ito of Okayama University, and Congress Chairperson of APSC, Emeritus Professor Takashi Akasaka of Wakayama University, were present at the exhibition hall (Figure 1C). A simple stage was set up in the hall to perform and broadcast the opening and closing ceremonies. The content and scheduling of the sessions, which were originally to be held at the venue, were unchanged and streamed live by webcasting to maintain a realistic atmosphere of the sessions and minimize the burden on the chairpersons and speakers due to the changes. All general abstracts and some designated abstracts were offered on-demand from March 23 to April 20, 2022.
A total of 14,980 participants were welcomed, including 13,854 registrants, and invited guests from Japan and abroad, and management staff. There were 14 plenary sessions and 27 symposia. The number of accepted general abstracts was 1,481 out of 2,000 submitted, with an acceptance rate of 74.1%. The Team Medicine Session included 5 symposia and 5 educational sessions. A total of 159 general abstracts were submitted. All of the abstracts, including 12 for the Co-Medical Award, 54 oral presentations, 18 moderated posters, and 75 posters, were accepted. In the Late Breaking Session, 1 session on “Clinical Trials” and 2 sessions on “Cohort Studies” were conducted, and 15 abstracts were accepted. The Chairperson School Project included 1 Special Session, 5 Symposiums, 22 Topics, 12 Meet the Experts, 8 Debates, 21 Special Sessions, and 1 Educational Lecture.
To promote active engagement, participation, and comments by young doctors and researchers, the session “U40 Heart Failure Network Project” was held by the U40 Group of the Japan Heart Failure Society as a clinical session. The U45 Group of the Japanese Section of the International Society for Heart Research (ISHR) held a session entitled “JCS/U45 ISHR Joint Symposium” as a basic medicine session to promote active conference engagement, participation, and comments by young physicians and researchers.
Meeting Theme
The theme of this annual meeting was “Cardiology Spreading its Wings”. The number of patients with heart failure (HF) and other cardiovascular diseases is increasing dramatically, and the fields dealt with by cardiovascular medicine are also greatly expanding. Chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, malignant tumors, and frailty are some of the comorbidities in elderly patients that involve other disciplines, and it is now clear that these comorbidities exacerbate heart disease. Adult congenital heart disease and oncocardiology are among the new areas with which cardiologists are required to deal. New genome editing, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, molecular targeted drugs, big data, artificial intelligence, and novel devices are all fields that will bring about major transformations of cardiovascular medicine in the future. The plenary sessions and symposia provided the latest information on various topics and enhanced the in-depth discussion. The annual meeting was both intellectually satisfying and exciting for us and we hope for all the participants.
New Initiatives at the 86th Annual Meeting
Broadcast of JCSTV2022
The president’s school served as the host, and volunteers from U40 were invited to be interviewers for the program, which was aired on Channel 31 (Figure 2A).
The program content comprised the following.
I. Interviews with award winners, late breaking clinical session speakers, President of JCS, Circulation Journal and Circulation Reports Editors-in-Chief, scientific meeting presidents, and incoming scientific meeting presidents.
II. Roundtable discussions among young doctors (How to increase the number of specialists, community medicine, etc.)
III. Interviews with exhibitors (“Bura-Takuya”)
On-Demand-Only Sessions
Although there were many requests to hold committee sessions, the number of sessions was limited due to the limited number of venues able to hold on-site sessions. By prerecording the sessions and providing them on-demand, the number of sessions was no longer limited. Over 40 update seminars were delivered on-demand.
On-Demand Public Lectures for Citizens
Public lectures were scheduled to be held on-demand only, with no on-site events. A 60-minute lecture titled “Walking to Prevent Heart Disease” was made available for viewing from March 11 to June 30 via the Annual Meeting website. As of the end of April, there were more than 1,500 viewings.
Case Report Sessions
Abstracts for the case report session were solicited, with 165 submissions and 159 accepted.
Visiting the Exhibition Hall
A time slot of at least 60 min to visit the exhibition hall was set up between the morning and afternoon sessions. Although the number of sessions was reduced, it was effective in promoting corporate exhibits. Originally, Bura-Takuya was scheduled to visit company booths with a camera crew to conduct interviews, but this was changed to JCSTV 2022 for webcasting.
Opening Ceremony
Following the opening performance by the a cappella group “Be in Voices”, Congress Chairperson of the JCS, Professor Hiroshi Ito, President of the JCS, Professor Ken-ichi Hirata, Kobe University, and Chairperson of the International Relations Committee of the JCS and President of APSC, Professor Issei Komuro, Tokyo University, greeted the audience. Following that, video messages from the President of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Professor Stephan Achenbach, President of the American Heart Association (AHA), Professor Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, and President of the Chinese Society of Cardiology (CSC), Professor Changsheng Ma, were delivered.
Special Lectures
Professor Valentin Fuster, Physician-in-Chief, Mount Sinai Hospital, USA was invited to give the Mikamo Lecture (Figure 3A). His online lecture was titled “A Goal of The Decade: Imagenomics on Subclinical Atherosclerosis”.1
In the Mashimo Memorial Lecture (Figure 3B), Professor Shimon Sakaguchi, Department of Experimental Immunology, Frontier Research Center, Osaka University presented “Taking Regulatory T Cells into Medicine”.2
In the Congress Chairperson’s Lecture entitled “Something New, Something Special, All for the Patients” (Figure 3D,E), Professor Hiroshi Ito, Okayama University, looked back on his career as a physician scientist and presented his outstanding scientific achievements in clinical studies and future developments. He emphasized the importance of initiatives in each region of Japan for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Professor Ken-ichi Hirata, Kobe University, gave a presentation titled “Action and Future Prospects of the JCS” for the JCS President Lecture (Figure 3C).
In the Special Lecture, Professor Michifumi Isoda of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies gave a presentation titled “People who Developed Medicine from a Historical Perspective” (Figure 3F).
In the Japan Heart Foundation Satoh Memorial Award Lecture, the winner, Dr. Katsuhito Fujiu (Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo) gave a lecture titled “Cardiovascular Homeostasis by Organ Communication Driven by Nerve-immune Cell Network”.
Overview by Disease Area
Ischemic Heart Disease, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis
There were 2 plenary sessions, 2 symposia, and 10 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions in this category. In Plenary Session 01, Professor Clinton Robbins (Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Canada) gave a lecture titled “CSF-1 Producing Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Maintain Monocytes within a Perivascular Bone Marrow Niche”. In Plenary Session 12, Professor Tom J. Ford (The University of Newcastle - Central Coast Clinical School, Gosford, Australia) gave a lecture titled “MINOCA: Now’s the Day, and Now’s the Hour”.
Stroke, Aortic and Vascular Diseases
The highlights of the 2 symposia and 3 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions in this category were the following. In Symposium 01, Professor Toshio Takayama (Department of Vascular Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo) gave a lecture titled “The Paradigm Shift of CLTI Management”. In Symposium 06, Professor R. Haner Direskeneli (Marmara University, School of Medicine Hospital, Republic of Turkey) gave a lecture titled “Recent Advances and Current Concepts in the Diagnosis and Management of Takayasu Arteritis”.
Arrhythmia
There were 53 sessions on arrhythmias and implantable devices in JCS2022. Of the sessions on arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most popular and as a new theme of AF, the concept of atrial cardiomyopathy was discussed in Topics 12 and Dr. Takeshi Yamashita presented the keynote lecture. Topics 03 was a session on atrial anatomy for electrophysiologists, and the complex atrial structures that are important for ablation techniques were described. There were also sessions on new treatment strategies for AF, including catheter ablation, left atrial appendage closure and use of anticoagulants in the elderly, in Symposium 04, Plenary Session 08 and the CSC–JCS Joint symposium. In Plenary Session 05, recent concepts of the roles of autonomic nerves in arrhythmias and HF were discussed, and Dr. Peng-Shen Chen presented the keynote lecture of the importance of autonomic nerves in the occurrence of AF and ventricular arrhythmias. Dr. William G. Stevenson was invited to present the Education Lecture, but unfortunately was unavailable at the time, so his lecture was made available on-demand later. In Topics 13, novel pacing techniques, including His/left bundle pacing and multipoint left ventricular pacing for prevention and therapy of HF, were discussed. Discussion was particularly focused on His pacing (HOT-CRT) or left bundle branch area pacing (LOT-CRT) instead of conventional RV pacing in CRT. In Meet the Expert 07, Friedrich Koehler from Charite University was invited to present and his topic was a novel method for remote management of HF patients. These sessions should be useful for daily practice and provided clues for new experimental and clinical research.
Heart Failure, Cardiomyopthy, Transplantation
There were 1 plenary session, 3 symposia, and 19 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions held in this category. In Plenary Session 02, Professor Jeffrey J. Teuteberg (Department of Cardiology, Stanford University, USA) gave a lecture titled “Long-term Pump Management to Minimize Adverse Events and Maximize Quality Of Life”. In Symposium 02, Professor Barry A. Borlaug (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA) gave a lecture titled “In the Earlier Stages of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF), Pulmonary Artery (PA) Pressures Increase Passively Owing to Downstream Elevation in Left Atrial (LA) Pressure”. In Symposium 05, Professor Petar M. Seferović (Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) gave a lecture titled “Indications and World-wide Use of Endomyocardial Biopsy”. In Special Symposium 03, Professor Gary D. Lopaschuk (University of Alberta, Canada) gave a lecture titled “Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure”. In Special Session 6, Professor Carolyn Yung Ho (Brigham and Women’s Hospital, USA) gave a keynote lecture titled “New Treatment Strategies to Target and Attenuate Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy”. In Special Session 19, Professor Junichi Sadoshima (Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, USA) gave a keynote lecture titled “Mitochondrial Quality Control Mechanisms in Obesity Cardiomyopathy”. In Topics 04, Professor Christopher Cardarone (Texas Childrens’ Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, USA) gave a keynote lecture titled “Contemporary Surgical Treatment of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis”. In Meet the Expert 7, Professor Friedrich Koehler (Charite Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany) gave a lecture titled “Remote Patient Management in HF Patients: From Clinical Trials to a Care Model in Real Life Settings”.
Imaging
There were 2 plenary sessions, 1 symposium, and 4 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions held in this category. In Plenary Session 06, entitled “Latest CMR Diagnostic Strategy for Myocardial Hypertrophy”, Professor Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara (Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas NHS Trust and King’s College London) pointed out the importance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance evaluation for management of myocardial hypertrophy as a state-of-the-art lecture. In Symposium 15, Professor Jagat Narula (Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA) gave a lecture entailed “Uncovering the Pathogenesis of/and Defining the Relevance of Neurohumoral Antagonism in Heart Failure by Molecular Imaging”.
Cardiovascular Surgery, Valvular Heart Disease, Structural Heart Disease
In this category 1 plenary session, 2 symposia, and 7 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions were held: Plenary Session 10 entitled “Decision Making an Appropriate Candidate of Invasive Treatment in Elderly Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis”, Symposium 9 entitled “Can Aortic Valve Repair Be the Standard Procedure for Patients With Aortic Regurgitation? Current Indications” and Symposium 13 entitled “Transcatheter and Surgical Intervention for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation caused by LV dysfunction; MitraClip/TMVR or Valve repair/replacement”.
Prevention and Rehabilitation
There were 2 symposia and 7 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions held in this category. In Topics 16, entitled “Cardiovascular Imaging to Enhance Prevention”, Professor Budoff Matthew Budoff (UCLA School of Medicine, USA) gave a keynote lecture entitled “Tracking Atherosclerosis With Coronary CT”.
Pediatric, Diversity, Pulmonary Circulation
In this category 1 plenary session, 3 symposia, and 12 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions were held. In Plenary Session 13, Professor Michael Gatzoulis (Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, and the National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, UK) gave a lecture titled “Adult Congenital Heart Disease: Where Do We Go from Here?” In Symposium 16, Professor Lucy Youngmin Eun (Pediatric Cardiology, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Korea) gave a lecture titled “Cardiac Rehabilitation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease”. In Topics 09, Professor Alexander M. K. Rothman (The University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK) gave a lecture titled “Pulmonary Artery Denervation for the Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension”.
Basic Research
In this category, 1 plenary session, 4 symposia, 7 special sessions, 1 topics session, and 1 JCS/U45 ISHR joint symposium were held. Advances in genomic medicine were presented in both Plenary Session 14 (“Advances in Genomic Medicine in Cardiovascular Medicine”) and Symposium 7 (“Genomic Medicine in Arrhythmic Diseases”). In Plenary Session 14, Professor Patrick E. Ellinor (Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, USA) gave a lecture titled “Using Genetics to Identify New Therapeutic Targets for Cardiovascular Diseases”. In Symposium 7, Professor Koonlawee Nademanee (Pacific Rim Electrophysiology Research Institute, Thailand) gave a keynote lecture. Advances in basic research have enabled the identification of genetic factors involved in arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and atherosclerosis, the elucidation of mechanisms based on those factors, and the selection of therapeutic strategies. The latest research on the molecular mechanisms of HF was discussed in Symposium 14 “Challenges in the Treatment of Heart Failure from the Perspective of New Molecular Pathophysiology”, in Special Session 10 “Molecular Mechanism of HFpEF” and in Special Session 17 “cGMP Signaling in Heart Failure”. In Symposium 14, Professor Joseph A. Hill (UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA) gave a lecture titled “Future of Cardiovascular Diseases: On Low Beam and High Beam”. In Special Session 10, Professor Joseph A. Hill gave a keynote lecture titled “HFpEF: Malady, Model, Meta-inflammatory Mechanisms”. In Special Session 17, Professor David A. Kass (Johns Hopkins University, USA) gave a keynote lecture titled “PDE9 Inhibition for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Syndrome”. Based on results, new treatment methods for HF were discussed. The development of gene transfer and stem cell-based therapies were discussed in Symposium 21 “Frontiers of Stem Cells, Gene Therapy and Cardiac Regeneration” and in Special Session 16 “New Developments of iPS Cell Research”. Recent advances in aging research and future directions for the development of novel therapies for cardiovascular diseases were discussed in Symposium 24, “Basic Research on Aging”. In Symposium 21, Professor Deepak Srivastava (Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, USA) gave a lecture titled “Cellular Reprogramming Approaches for Heart Disease”. In Symposium 24, Professor Vicente Andrés (Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III-CNIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain) gave a lecture titled “Mechanisms of Accelerated Cardiovascular Disease and Premature Aging in Hutchinson-Gildford Progeria Syndrome”. In Special Session 5, Professor Daniel M. Greif (Yale University School of Medicine, USA) gave a lecture titled “Pathological Muscularization in Pulmonary Hypertension”. In Special Session 13, Professsor Jonathan Butcher (Cornell University, USA) gave a keynote lecture titled “Mechanoregulation of Fetal Cardiac Growth and Maturation Decisions”. In Special Session 21, Dr. Kinya Otsu (President at National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita) gave a keynote lecture titled “Mitochondrial Degradation and Cardiac Inflammation”.
Emergency, Medical Policy, New Fields
There were 4 plenary sessions, 5 symposia, and 10 Congress Chairperson’s select sessions held in this category. In Plenary Session 4 Professor Girish N. Nadkarni (The Mount Sinai Hospital, USA) gave a lecture entitled “COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease”. In Plenary Session 7, Professor Khung Keong Yeo (National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore) gave a lecture titled “Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine: New Perspectives and Challenges”. In Symposium 10, Professor Kunihiro Matsushita (Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA) gave a lecture titled “Big Data Analysis: Experience from the CKD Prognosis Consortium”. In Symposium 23, Professor Michael G. Fradley (Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, USA) gave a lecture titled “Arrhythmia Management in Cancer Patients: What Do We Know and What is Left to Learn”. In Symposium 25, Professor Kiyotaka Iwasaki (Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, TWIns, Waseda University, Tokyo) gave a lecture titled “Unrelenting Challenge to Create Future of Clinical Treatment through Biomedical Engineering”. In Special Session 12, Professor Paul A. Friedman (Mayo Clinic, USA) gave a lecture titled “Current and Future Implications of the Artificial Intelligence ECG: The Transformation of Health Care”.
Number of Viewers
All general abstracts and some designated abstracts were offered on-demand from March 23 to April 20, 2022. The top 20 most viewed sessions are listed in the Table. Despite the short period of on-demand viewing, the number of viewers was large, and it is expected a hybrid event will evolve for the post-corona conference as well.
Table. Number of Views per Session
| Rank |
Session name |
No. live
views |
No. on-demand
views |
Total no.
views |
| 1 |
Lecture on Medical Safety |
3,609 |
344 |
3,953 |
| 2 |
Lecture on Medical Ethics |
3,470 |
368 |
3,838 |
| 3 |
Cardiovascular Education Session I-1: Modern Antithrombotic Therapy for
Cardiovascular Disease |
2,417 |
865 |
3,282 |
| 4 |
Cardiovascular Education Session II-1: Echocardiographic Diagnostics of Mitral
Valve for Treatment of HF |
2,565 |
600 |
3,165 |
| 5 |
Cardiovascular Education Session I-2: Key Points and Current Topics in
Arrhythmia Treatment |
2,171 |
767 |
2,938 |
| 6 |
Cardiovascular Education Session II-2: Knowing and Curing Atrial Functional
Mitral Regurgitation |
2,163 |
443 |
2,606 |
| 7 |
Cardiovascular Education Session III-1: Evidence for Diabetes Drugs in
Cardiovascular Disease |
1,959 |
504 |
2,463 |
| 8 |
Cardiovascular Education Session III-2: Adult Congenital Heart Disease in
General Hospitals and Clinics |
1,573 |
292 |
1,865 |
| 9 |
U40 Heart Failure Network Project: “Conventional Sequencing” or “Proposed
New Sequencing” |
721 |
1,026 |
1,747 |
| 10 |
Symposium 22: Front Line of Pharmacological Therapy for HF |
1,002 |
626 |
1,628 |
| 11 |
Luncheon Seminar 1: AF or HF Therapy? Expert Treatment Strategies for
Real-World Cases |
1,042 |
557 |
1,599 |
| 12 |
Upgrade Seminar 01: Considering “Congestion” as a New Therapeutic Target
for HF |
750 |
698 |
1,448 |
| 13 |
Congress Chairperson’s Lecture: Something New, Something Special, All for
the Patients |
1,003 |
426 |
1,429 |
| 14 |
Special Lecture (Prof. Michifumi Isoda): People who Developed Medicine from
a Historical Perspective |
892 |
483 |
1,375 |
| 15 |
Learn from Guidelines 1: Congenital Heart Disease/Peripheral Arterial Disease/
Arrhythmias |
558 |
706 |
1,264 |
| 16 |
HF Care Instructor Sessions: HF Team Medical Care |
842 |
400 |
1,242 |
| 17 |
Mashimo Memorial Lecture: Taking Regulatory T Cells into Medicine |
852 |
319 |
1,171 |
| 18 |
Special Session 07: Myocarditis Up to Date |
799 |
211 |
1,010 |
| 19 |
APSC04: Symposium Basic Research for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine |
957 |
24 |
981 |
| 20 |
APSC2022 Opening Ceremony/APSC2022 Special Lecture |
758 |
72 |
830 |
AF, atrial fibrillation; APSC, Asia–Pacific Society of Cardiology; HF, heart failure.
Social Media
Social media, including Twitter and Facebook, have become important platforms in science communication (Figure 2B,C). At the 86th
meeting, many activities were carried out using social media. The chairmen of selected sessions were asked to create short videos introducing the highlights of their sessions. Prior to the meeting, topic highlight video clips were posted and widely shared on various social media platforms, which helped to increase the interest of conference attendees. During the meeting, many Twitter users posted meeting-related tweets. That latest information posted on social media helped to share the highlights of the meeting and to enhance the educational opportunities of attendees. We believe that the use of social media contributed to the success of the 86th
meeting.
Closing Remarks
The 86th
Annual Meeting of the JCS 2022 had to be held online due to the spread of COVID-19. Despite the disruption caused by pandemic, physicians and researchers from all over the world, including Japan, were able to present and discuss their findings. We could see cardiology spreading its wings in this meeting and hope for further development of cardiology in the future.
In October 2020, the Japanese National Plan for Promotion of Measures Against Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Disease was created based on the Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease Control Act,3 and from now on, each prefecture in Japan will create and implement a promotion plan. Cardiovascular medicine is further spreading its wings to every corner of Japan to save lives. We also hope that the activities of the JCS, such as this meeting, will help in this regard.
Finally, we express our deepest gratitude to all of the doctors and staff of the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University (Figure 4), doctors of the affiliated hospitals, Dr. Masayuki Ueeda and other doctors of the Okayama Daigaku Junkankinaika Domonkai, Mr. Ichiro Tabuchi, Secretary General of the JCS and other members of the JCS Secretariat, the management office, Congrès Inc., especially Mr. Mitsunori Shimizu, Ms. Naoko Nakayama, Ms. Kaori Utsumi, Ms. Yuka Nakayama, and Ms. Yumi Takahashi; and members of the Japanese Circulation Society who attended this meeting.
Grants
None of the authors has financial disclosures that are relevant to this article.
Disclosures
H.I. is a member of Editorial Board of Circulation Journal.
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Jaiswal S, Natarajan P, Silver AJ, Gibson CJ, Bick AG, Shvartz E, et al. Clonal hematopoiesis and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 111–121.
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Sakaguchi S, Mikami N, Wing JB, Tanaka A, Ichiyama K, Ohkura N. Regulatory T cells and human disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2020; 38: 541–566.
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Kuwabara M, Mori M, Komoto S. Japanese National Plan for Promotion of measures against cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2021; 143: 1929–1931.
