Comparison of Pasting and Thermal Properties of Starches Isolated from four Processing Type Potato Varieties Cultivated in Two Locations in Hokkaido

Abstract

Starches from four processing type potato varieties, cultivated in two locations in Hokkaido prefecture of Japan were evaluated for the effects of variety and growing locations on their physicochemical properties. Amylose and phosphorous contents, average granule size, solubility, swelling power, thermal and pasting properties were evaluated. Pearson's correlation analysis and two-way ANOVA were applied and found that significant differences in amylose content, phosphorous content and average granule size were observed among the four varieties and between the two locations (p < 0.05). Swelling power and pasting properties were higher in starches from Kamikawa, while solubility was higher for starches from Tokachi. Higher T₀ and T_P observed for Kitahime in Kamikawa and T₀, T_P and T_C for Andover and Snowden in Kamikawa suggest presence of more stable crystalline structures in starch granules grown in Kamikawa. Thus, variety and growing locations affected the starch properties, such as thermal and pasting properties significantly (p < 0.05).

Introduction

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), 4^th most cultivated crop in the world, is mainly utilized by the food industry, for fresh consumption and processing into chips, frozen products and starch. In Japan, 60% of annual production is utilized by processing industry, while around 22% of Hokkaido potato production is annually used for potato crisp and frozen potato product processing (GAIN, 2010).

Starch being the major component of potato dry matter, the characteristics of potato products such as crisps and French fries are determined by cooking, pasting and rheological characteristics of starch (Miranda and Aguilera, 2006). For example, French fries with crispy crust were produced from tubers with high starch content (Dupont et al., 1992). Cooking, textural, rheological and pasting properties of potato starch are correlated with physicochemical properties such as granule size, granule size distribution, amylose/amylopectin ratio and phosphorous content (Wiesenborn et al., 1994; Kaur et al., 2002a; Kaur et al., 2002b). Furthermore, lower pasting temperature and higher swelling power of potato starch is attributed to extensive phosphorylation of amylopectin molecules (Kaur et al., 2002b). Characteristics of starch granule such as higher degree of crystallinity, higher percentage of small granules and presence of phosphate mono esters increase the gelatinization transition temperatures, and presence of irregular or cuboidal shaped large granules increases the enthalpy of gelatinization (Krueger et al., 1987; Yuan et al., 1993; Singh and Singh, 2001).

Physicochemical properties of potato starch are considered to be a cumulative effect of the geno type and the conditions of growing location (Kaur et al., 2002b). Significant variations are reported in pasting behavior and rheological properties of pastes and gels made from starches from various potato varieties (Wiesenborn et al., 1994; Hopkins and Gormley, 2000), while Kaur et al. (2007) attributed the variations observed in amylose content, pasting properties and thermal properties, to differences in variety and growing location. Liu et al. (2003) reported that regions with low temperature, resulted in starches with higher granule size, lower pasting and transition temperatures and Noda et al. (2004a) stated that later harvest dates are found to be enhancing the phosphorous content in starches.

It is a clear fact that physicochemical properties of potato starch are subjected to considerable variations depending on the variety and locational differences. Thus, the aim of this study was directed to determine the effects of variety and growing locations on the physicochemical properties of four processing type potato varieties cultivated in two different growing locations in Hokkaido.

Materials and Methods

Materials    Four varieties of potato, two early varieties, Andover and Toyoshiro and two late varieties, Snowden and Kitahime, were cultivated in two locations, Tokachi and Kamikawa in Hokkaido prefecture of Japan in 2013.

Starch isolation    All samples were subjected to starch extraction immediately after their respective harvest dates. One kilogram of peeled potato was ground using a laboratory scale blender in 10 L of deionized water. The starch slurry was sieved using a series of parallel sieves with aperture sizes of 710, 106 and 75 µm, respectively and allowed to stand still for 2 h. After filtering using a glass filter (26G2, Asahi Glass Co. Ltd.), approximately 3 L of deionized water was added to the residue and allowed to stand for 6 h while stirring using a magnetic stirrer. Followed by filtering, 3 L of deionized water was added and stirred for another 2 h. This was repeated twice before the crude starch was separated. The isolated starch was oven dried at a temperature of 55°C for 4.5 h. Dried starch was ground, sieved through a sieve with an aperture size of 106 µm and stored in air tight plastic containers at 4°C until further analysis. Prior to further analysis moisture content was measured according to AOAC method at 135°C (AOAC, 2000).

Amylose content    Amylose content of the isolated starch samples were measured according to the procedure by Yun and Matheson (1990) with modifications as described in Megazyme Amylose/Amylopectin Assay procedure (K-AMYL 07/11). Amylogulocosidase (EC 3.2.1.3., 3300 U/mL) and glucose oxidase-peroxidase assay kit (cat. No. K-GLUC) required were purchased from Megazyme (Megazyme International Ireland Ltd.).

Phosphorous content    Phosphorous content of the starches was determined by an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICPS – 8100, Shimadzu Co. Ltd.). Two grams of each starch sample was charred in a capped crucible on a Bunsen burner and then ashed in muffle furnace at 550°C for 6 h. Ash samples were heated to complete dryness with 50% (v/v) HCl, dissolved in 2N HCl and transferred into 25 mL volumetric flask with 2N HCl. One milliliter from each sample was transferred into 10 mL test tubes and added 9 mL of deionized water to a final volume of 10 mL. Well mixed samples were analyzed along with a standard series of 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ppm of P in 0.2N HCl.

Particle size and particle size distribution    Starch particle size and particle size distribution was determined using a compact laser diffraction particle size analyzer (LA-300, Horiba Instruments Co. Ltd.).

Swelling power and Solubility    Swelling power and solubility of the isolated starches were determined using 0.4% dry weight basis (dwb) aqueous suspensions of starch employing the method by Yousif et al. (2012) with slight modifications. Starch solutions were heated to 70°C for 30 min in a water bath and cooled to 10°C for 20 min before centrifuged at 3000 g and subjected to gravimetric measurement.

Pasting properties    The pasting properties of the starch samples were measured using a rapid visco analyzer (RVA-4, Newport Scientific Pvt. Ltd.). A 6% dwb aqueous suspension of starch was analyzed in triplicates for peak, breakdown, final viscosities and pasting temperature using the method described by Singh et al. (2006).

Thermal properties    Differential scanning calorimeter (Micro DSC II, Setaram Inc.) was used to determine the thermal properties of starch. Starch solutions of 30% dwb were prepared in metal canisters and kept overnight at room temperature after hermetically sealing. Samples were analyzed in a scanning temperature range of 30 to 95°C at a heating rate of 0.8°C/min, using distilled water as the reference. Enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH), initiation (T₀), peak (T_P) and conclusion (T_C) temperatures of gelatinization were measured in triplicates.

Statistical analysis    SPSS statistical software (version 17.0) was used to analyze the data by analysis of variance (ANOVA). When significant differences were revealed (p < 0.01, p < 0.05), mean scores were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships among physicochemical properties (p < 0.01, 0.05). Two-way ANOVA test was conducted to identify the effects of variety and growing location on starch properties.

Results and Discussion

Physicochemical properties    Table 1 summarizes the physicochemical properties of four potato starches grown in Tokachi and Kamikawa. Amylose contents of the starches varied between 18.5 and 23.0% dwb, being in well accordance with the previous reports (Kaur et al., 2007; Gomand et al., 2010; Waterschoot et al., 2014). Starch isolated from Toyoshiro, Snowden and Kitahime showed higher amylose content in Kamikawa, while Andover showed higher amylose content in Tokachi. Noda et al. (2004a) previously reported that the late varieties showed significantly lower amylose content compared to early varieties and this trend was observed between Toyoshiro and Snowden.

Table 1. Physicochemical properties of starch from four potato varieties grown in two locations in Hokkaido

Location	Tokachi					Kamikawa
Cultivar	Amy lose (% dwb)	P (mg/100g dwb)	AVG (µm)	Swelling power (g/g dwb)	Solubility (% dwb)	Amylose (% dwb)	P (mg/100g dwb)	AVG (µm)	Swelling power (g/g dwb)	Solubility (% dwb)
AD	20.6 ± 1.0 b	58.4 ± 0.2 b	42.4 ± 0.3 b	80.1 ±0.6 b*	31.8 ±4.4 a	18.4 ± 1.0 a	59.3 ± 0.7 a	42.0 ± 0.2 b	59.8 ± 1.5 a	24.3 ± 1.1 a
TS	20.6 ± 0.3 b	51.2 ± 1.1 a	43.2 ± 0.2 c*	62.2 ± 5.7 a	36.0 ± 3.5 b*	23.0 ±0.6 c*	71.7 ± 1.8 b*	41.2 ± 0.5 a	64.1 ±0.3 b	23.7 ±2.5 a
SD	19.1 ± 0.1 a	69.5 ± 0.6 c	39.3 ± 0.3 a	62.8 ± 2.7 a	38.7 ± 3.4 b*	20.2 ± 1.2 b	74.4 ± 2.8 b	42.7 ± 0.1 c*	69.0 ± 2.3 c*	25.0 ± 1.4 a
KH	21.2 ± 0.2 b	85.2 ± 2.7 d	44.4 ± 0.1 d	76.4 ± 5.4 b	36.9 ± 1.8 b*	22.2 ± 0.2 c*	96.8 ± 3.3 c*	47.2 ± 0.1 d*	75.5 ± 2.6 d	31.4 ± 0.9 b

Abbreviations: AD, Andover; TS, Toyoshiro; SD, Snowden; KH, Kitahime; P, phosphorous content; AVG, average granule size

Values within each column with different sup erscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. Values with *superscript are significantly higher than the corresponding location at p <0.05.

Considerable variations in phosphorous content between 51.2 and 96.8 mg/100 g dwb, were observed among the four varieties as shown in Table 1. Toyoshiro in Tokachi reported the lowest and Kitahime in Kamikawa reported the highest phosphorous content. The results obtained are comparable with the results reported previously (Wiesenborn et al., 1994; Noda et al., 2007). For all four varieties, phosphorous content was reported higher in Kamikawa compared to their counterparts in Tokachi, which is due to the higher availability of phosphorous in Kamikawa soil compared to volcanic ash soil in Tokachi, which has a higher phosphorus binding ability, making phosphorous less available for crops (Shoji and Takahashi, 2002). The late variety class, Snowden and Kitahime, in both locations showed a significantly higher phosphorous content compared to the early variety class, which is in accordance with the conclusions by Noda et al. (2004a), and Madsen and Christensen (1996).

Starch granule size distribution followed the characteristic normal distribution pattern of potato starch for all varieties in both locations (data not shown) and the average granule size of starch from the four varieties ranged between 39.4 and 47.3 µm as in Table 1. Snowden reported the smallest average granule size while Kitahime possessed the largest. The results are comparable with the results reported by Noda et al. (2004b). The average granule size of the starches from the late variety class in both locations, showed a significantly higher granule size compared to the early variety class, except for Snowden in Tokachi, which is in well accordance with the previous reports by Noda et al. (2004a).

Swelling power of starches from both locations ranged between 59.8 and 80.1 g/g dwb as shown in Table 1, which is in well accordance with the findings of Gomand et al. (2010). Andover in Kamikawa showed the lowest swelling power while Andover in Tokachi possessed the highest. Further, the swelling power was higher for the varieties harvested from Kamikawa compared to their counterparts in Tokachi and also higher for Snowden and Kitahime in Kamikawa, which can be attributed to the higher phosphorous content. As higher phosphorous content in Kamikawa and in late varieties, causes extensive hydration of the granules, it may lead to higher swelling power (Kaur et al., 2007).

Solubility values of the starches in this study varied between 23.7 and 38.7% dwb as in Table 1. The results obtained were comparable with the results reported by Kaur et al. (2007). Solubility of starches among the four varieties was not significantly different, but the solubility of starches from Toyoshiro, Snowden and Kitahime, between the two locations varied significantly (p < 0.05), where starches from Tokachi possessed higher solubility values. Differences observed in solubility values can be attributed to the differences in starch granular size (Singh and Singh, 2001; Kaur et al., 2007).

Pasting properties    Table 2 presents the pasting properties of the starches and peak viscosity ranged between 4168 and 7399 cP, which is in well accordance with Kaur et al. (2007) and Waterschoot et al. (2014). Kitahime reported the highest and Andover reported the lowest value for peak viscosity, while starches isolated from Kamikawa possessed higher values for peak viscosity compared to starches from Tokachi. Breakdown viscosity values for the four varieties in the two locations ranged between 2490 and 5277 cP, where in both locations, Kitahime reported the highest value. Higher breakdown is attributed to the enhanced shear force sensitivity and disintegration resulted by the extensively swollen granules (Kaur et al., 2007). On the other hand, Andover in Kamikawa and Toyoshiro in Tokachi had the lowest breakdown viscosities of 2490 and 2850 cP, respectively and these two accounted for the lowest phosphorous contents in the respective locations. In addition, the late varieties are considered to possess enhanced peak and breakdown viscosities according to Noda et al. (2004a), which is confirmed by the comparable observations in Kamikawa in this study. Pasting temperature ranged between 66 and 69°C in this study, standing comparable with the results reported by Noda et al. (2004a) and Kaur et al. (2007).

Table 2. Pasting properties of starch from four different potato varieties grown in two locations in Hokkaido

Location	Tokachi					Kamikawa
Cultivar	PV (cP)	BDV (cP)	FV (cP)	SBV (cP)	PT (°C)	PV (cP)	BDV (cP)	FV (cP)	SBV (cP)	PT (°C)
AD	6284 ± 16 b*	4437 ± 11 b*	2078 ± 20 c*	222 ± 9 ab*	67.9 ± 0.4 b	4168 ± 10 a	2490 ± 7 a	1860 ± 7 a	182 ± 5a	69.4 ± 0.0 ab*
TS	4236 ± 18 a	2850 ± 20 a	1609 ± 7 b*	223 ± 6 ab	66.4 ± 0.4 a	4622 ± 18 b*	2978 ± 21 b*	1906 ± 4 b*	262 ± 6 b*	68.9 ± 0.4 a*
SD	4230 ± 36 a	2918 ± 21 a	1521 ± 15 a	204 ± 1 a*	66.4 ± 0.5 a	5167 ± 7 c*	3348 ± 9 c*	1989 ± 7 c*	176 ± 5a	68.6 ± 0.0 a*
KH	6424 ± 36 c	4482 ± 75 b	2192 ± 55 d	260 ± 4 b	66.4 ± 0.0 b	7399 ± 30 d*	5277 ± 116 d*	2444 ± 55 d*	306 ± 22 c*	69.4 ± 0.4 b*

Abbreviations: AD, Andover; TS, Toyoshiro; SD, Snowden; KH, Kitahime; PV, peak viscosity; BDV, breakdown viscosity; FV, final viscosity; SBV, setback viscosity; PT, pasting temperature

Values within each column with different superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. Values with *superscript are significantly higher than the corresponding location at p < 0.05.

Thermal properties    Thermal properties of the four starches are presented in Table 3. T₀ varied between 59.6 and 63.4°C, which is in accordance with the results published by Waterschoot et al. (2014). Among the four varieties, Kitahime reported the highest and Snowden the lowest value for T₀, while significantly higher values for T₀ were observed in Kamikawa, compared to their counterparts in Tokachi (p < 0.05), except for Toyoshiro. T₀ resembles the initiation of internal structural disordering, which depends on the stability of the amorphous and crystalline regions of starch (Lim et al., 2001; Chung et al., 2014). Higher T₀ observed for Kitahime variety and starches isolated from Kamikawa, might indicate the presence of more stable amorphous regions and more ordered crystalline regions in starch granules.

Table 3. Thermal properties of starch from four different potato varieties grown in two locations in Hokkaido

Location	Tokachi					Kamikawa
Cultivar	T0 (°C)	TP (°C)	TC (°C)	ΔH (J/g)	T0 (°C)	TP (°C)	TC (°C)	ΔH (J/g)
AD	61.6 ± 0.1 b	64.4 ± 0.0 c	70.3 ± 0.0 c	19.1 ± 0.1 c*	62.6 ± 0.1 c*	66.0 ± 0.0 c*	73.0 ± 0.0 d*	18.6 ± 0.2 b
TS	59.7 ± 0.1 a	62.8 ± 0.0 b	68.1 ± 0.1 a	17.7 ± 0.1 a	59.6 ± 0.0 a	62.8 ± 0.1 a	68.2 ± 0.1 a	17.8 ± 0.0 a
SD	59.6 ± 0.0 a	62.6 ± 0.0 a	68.6 ± 0.1 b	18.5 ± 0.0 b	61.4 ± 0.0 b*	64.5 ± 0.0 b*	70.1 ± 0.0 b*	18.6 ± 0.1 b
KH	61.8 ± 0.1 c	65.4 ± 0.0 d	72.2 ± 0.0 d*	19.1 ± 0.1 c*	63.4 ± 0.0 d*	66.6 ± 0.0 d*	72.0 ± 0.0 c	18.7 ± 0.0 b

Abbreviations: AD, Andover; TS, Toyoshiro; SD, Snowden; KH, Kitahime; T₀, initiation temperature; T_P, peak temperature; _TC, conclusion temperature; ΔH, gelatinization enthalpy (dwb)

Values within each column with different superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Values with *superscript are significantly higher than the corresponding location at p < 0.05.

T_P varied between 62.6 and 66.6°C, which is in well accordance with the results by Waterschoot et al. (2014). Toyoshiro in Kamikawa reported the lowest while Kitahime in both locations reported the highest value for T_P. Cottrell et al. (1995) and Chung et al. (2014) reported that the differences in varietal characteristics among starches and growing locations are considered to exert an impact on T_P. T_P is considered to reflect the stability of the crystalline regions upon structural breakdown during gelatinization (Alvani et al., 2011). Thus, the higher values obtained for T_P, might be due to higher stability of crystalline areas in starch granules.

Results obtained for T_C varied between 68.1 and 73.0°C, being comparable with the results presented by Waterschoot et al. (2014). Andover reported the highest value and Toyoshiro reported the lowest value for T_C among the four varieties. The varieties in Kamikawa reported higher T_C values, compared to that of Tokachi. Native crystalline structure of potato starch is considered to be the main determinant of T₀, T_P and T_C (Parada and Aguilera, 2012), as degree of crystallinity in starch granules provides structural stability, and resistance against disordering of internal molecular organization by heating (Barichello et al., 1991).

ΔH is the energy requirement for the physical state transformation during gelatinization, due to the loss of double helical structure in starch and thus an overall measure of quality and quantity of crystallites (Singh et al. 2006; Kaur et al. 2007). ΔH for the current study varied between 17.7 and 19.1 J/g dwb as in Table 3. The highest value for ΔH was reported by Kitahime and the lowest by Toyoshiro. Values of ΔH for Andover and Kitahime from Tokachi were significantly higher compared to Kamikawa (p < 0.05), which resemble the presence of higher content of stable internal granule structures in Kitahime and Andover in Tokachi.

Pearson's correlation for starch properties    Pearson's correlation coefficients for physicochemical properties are summarized in Table 4. Amylose content was positively correlated with average granule size in Tokachi (r = 0.993, p < 0.01), comparable with Geddes et al. (1965) and Kaur et al. (2004a). Higher swelling power resulted, due to extensive hydration of granules, can be attributed to the significantly positive correlation between swelling power and phosphorous content in Kamikawa (r = 0.970, p < 0.05), which is in accordance with Kaur et al. (2007). Significantly higher positive correlation observed between granule size and solubility in Kamikawa (r = 0.998, p < 0.05), as reported by Singh and Singh (2001) and Kaur et al. (2007), suggests the increased susceptibility in large granules to disintegration. Peak and breakdown viscosities are positively correlated with phosphorous content (r = 0.979, p < 0.05; r = 0.985, p < 0.05, respectively), which causes extensive hydration and subsequent increased susceptibility to disintegration (Hemar et al., 2007). Final viscosity is considered to be directly affected by the apparent amylose content, where a positive, but non-significant correlation was observed between amylose content and final viscosity in this study in Tokachi (r = 0.765, p < 0.05) and Kamikawa (r = 0.447, p < 0.05) (Liu et al., 2007). Higher solubility of starches enhances the final viscosity, as a network is formed from leached amylose during cooling, which is further proved by the significantly positive relationship in Kamikawa (r = 0.987, p < 0.05). Positive correlations observed between pasting temperature and T₀, T_P and T_C (r = 0.990, p < 0.05; r = 0.994, p < 0.05; r = 0.967, p < 0.05, respectively), as reported by Kaur et al. (2007), might indicate the presence of stable amorphous and ordered crystalline regions in granules resisting pasting and gelatinization.

Table 4. Pearson's correlation coefficients between physicochemical prop erties of starch

	AM	P	PV	BDV	FV	SBV	PT	T0	TP	TC	ΔH	SP	S
P	0.180
	0.637
PV	0.674	0.480
	0.484	.979*
BDV	0.644	0.477	999**
	0.516	.985*	999**
FV	0.765	0.489	.990**	.983*
	0.447	.961*	.996**	.994*
SBV	0.884	0.612	0.712	0.684	0.798
	0.830	0.782	0.728	0.751	0.737
PT	0.704	0.593	.987*	.982*	.991*	0.798
	0.091	0.552	0.669	0.664	0.735	0.630
T0	0.699	0.482	999**	997**	.995**	0.735	.990*
	−0.383	0.408	0.584	0.557	0.635	0.128	0.790
TP	0.755	0.617	.968*	.959*	.986*	0.857	994**	.974*
	−0.453	0.321	0.506	0.478	0.563	0.069	0.778	.995*
Tc	0.657	0.770	0.915	0.908	0.932	0.856	.967*	0.921	.977*
	−0.661	0.008	0.210	0.180	0.280	−0.140	0.679	0.911	0.947
ΔH	0.262	0.651	0.879	0.894	0.818	0.454	0.869	0.864	0.823	0.847
	−0.558	0.285	0.452	0.418	0.478	−0.194	0.474	0.912	0.906	0.826
SP	0.581	0.334	.978*	.983*	0.945	0.558	0.932	.971*	0.893	0.816	0.876
	0.521	.970*	.954*	.954*	0.923	0.610	0.418	0.422	0.333	0.011	0.399
S	−0.422	0.444	−0.565	−0.572	−0.529	−0.071	−0.436	−0.558	−0.383	−0.192	−0.335	−0.697
	0.321	0.906	.971*	.965*	.987*	0.685	0.813	0.744	0.683	0.427	0.573	0.864
AVG	.993**	0.170	0.592	0.559	0.695	0.883	0.634	0.621	0.695	0.605	0.169	0.485	−0.340
	0.269	0.891	.964*	.956*	.981*	0.638	0.804	0.774	0.714	0.461	0.622	0.863	.998**

Upper value- Tokachi, Lower value- Kamikawa

Abbreviations: AM, amylose content; P, phosphorous content; PV, peak viscosity; BDV, breakdown viscosity; FV, final viscosity; SBV, setback viscosity; PT, pasting temperature; T₀, initiation temperature; T_P, peak temperature; T_C, conclusion temperature; Δ_H, gelatinization enthalp y; SP, swelling power; S, solubility; AVG, average granule size

*  significant at 0.05 level and

**  significant at 0.01 level.

Two-way ANOVA analysis of physicochemical properties of starch    Two-way ANOVA test was conducted to identify the effects of varieties and growing locations on the physicochemical properties of potato starch and the results are provided in Table 5. Amylose content was found to have no significant effect from the growing location (p = 0.053), in this study as similarly observed by Hase and Plate (1996). Setback viscosity (p = 0.451), which is the important parameter of processed potato products, is also independent from effect of growing location. According to the results obtained, it is clear that the majority of the physicochemical properties of potato starch, such as, phosphorous content, granule size, pasting and thermal properties are cumulatively determined by the interaction between variety and growing location.

Table 5. Two-way ANOVA results for the effects of variety and location on phy sicochemical prop erties of potato starch

	Variety	Location	Variety * Location
	p value
AM	< 0.001	0.053	< 0.001
P	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
PV	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
BDV	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
FV	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
SBV	< 0.001	0.451	< 0.001
PT	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.007
T0	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
TP	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
TC	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
ΔH	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
SP	< 0.001	0.026	< 0.001
S	0.007	< 0.001	0.051
AVG	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Abbreviations: AM, amylose content; P, phosphorous content; PV, peak viscosity; BDV, breakdown viscosity; FV, final viscosity; SBV, setback viscosity; PT, pasting temperature; T₀, initiation temperature; T_P, peak temperature; T_C, conclusion temperature; ΔH, gelatinization enthalpy; SP, swelling power; S, solubility; AVG, average granule size

Conclusions

The physicochemical properties of the starch significantly varied among the varieties as well as the locations. Among the four varieties, Kitahime showed higher contents of amylose and phosphorous, higher values for pasting properties, gelatinization properties, swelling power, solubility and mean granule size in both locations. Andover and Toyoshiro showed lower values for the above parameters in the two locations. The swelling power, pasting and thermal properties were higher in starches isolated from Kamikawa district compared to their counterparts in Tokachi district. The late varieties, Snowden and Kitahime showed higher values for phosphorous content and pasting properties compared to the early varieties, Andover and Toyoshiro. The properties such as pasting, thermal and swelling power of starches were substantially affected both by the variety and the growing location. Thus, potato tubers or starch from different potato varieties or from different locations used in processing can significantly influence quality of the final products.

References

•  Alvani,  K.,  Qi,  X.,  Tester,  R. F., and  Snape,  C. E. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of potato starches. Food Chem., 125, 958-965.
• AOAC. (2000). “Official methods of analysis”, 17th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD.
•  Barichello,  V.,  Yada,  R. Y., and  Coffin,  R. H. (1991). Starch properties of various potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars susceptible and resistant to low-temperature sweetening. J. Sci. Food Agric., 56, 385-397.
•  Chung,  H-J.,  Li,  X-Q.,  Kalinga,  D.,  Lim,  S.-T.,  Yada,  R., and  Liu,  Q. (2014). Physicochemical properties of dry matter and isolated starch from potatoes grown in different locations in Canada. Food Res. Int., 57, 89-94.
•  Cottrell,  J. E.,  Duffus,  C. M.,  Paterson,  L., and  George,  R. M. (1995). Properties of potato starch: Effects of genotype and growing conditions. Phytochemistry, 40, 1057-1064.
•  Dupont,  M. S.,  Kirby,  A. R., and  Smith,  A. C. (1992). Instrumental and sensory tests of texture of cooked frozen French fries. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 27, 285-295.
• GAIN report. (2010). “Potato and potato products annual”, USDA foreign agricultural services, Tokyo, Japan.
•  Geddes,  R.,  Greenwood,  C. T., and  Mackenzie,  S. (1965). Studies on the biosynthesis of starch granules : Part III. The properties of the components of starches from the growing potato tuber. Carbohydr. Res., 1, 71-82.
•  Gomand,  S. V.,  Lamberts,  L.,  Derde,  L. J.,  Goesaert,  H.,  Vandeputte,  G. E.,  Goderis,  B., and  Delcour,  J. A. (2010). Structural properties and gelatinisation characteristics of potato and cassava starches and mutants thereof. Food Hydrocolloids, 24, 307-317.
•  Hase,  N. U. and  Plate,  J. (1996). Properties of potato starch in relation to varieties and environmental factors. Starch, 50, 58-64.
•  Hemar,  Y.,  Hardacre,  A.,  Hedderly,  D. I.,  Clark,  S.,  Illingworth,  D.,  Harper,  J. W., and  Boland,  M. (2007). Relationship between the pasting behaviour and the phosphorous content of different potato starches. Starch/Staerke, 59, 149-155.
•  Hopkins,  S. and  Gormley,  R. (2000). Rheological properties of pastes and gels made from starch separated from different potato cultivars. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol., 33, 388-396.
•  Kaur,  A.,  Singh,  N.,  Ezekiel,  R., and  Guraya,  H. S. (2007). Physicochemical, thermal and pasting properties of starches separated from different potato cultivars grown at different locations. Food Chem., 101, 643-651.
•  Kaur,  L.,  Singh,  N.,  Sodhi,  N. S., and  Gujral,  H. S. (2002a). Some properties of potatoes and their starches I. Cooking, textural and rheological properties of potatoes. Food Chem., 79, 177-181.
•  Kaur,  L.,  Singh,  N., and  Sodhi,  N. S. (2002b). Some properties of potatoes and their starches II. Morphological, thermal and rheological properties of starches. Food Chem., 79, 183-192.
•  Krueger,  B. R.,  Knutson,  C. A.,  Inglett,  G. E., and  Walker,  C. E. (1987). A differential scanning calorimetry study on the effect of annealing on gelatinization behavior of corn starch. J. Food Sci., 52, 715-718.
•  Lim,  S. T.,  Chang,  E. H., and  Chung,  H. J. (2001). Thermal transition characteristics of heat-moisture treated corn and potato starches. Carbohydr. Polym., 46, 107-115.
•  Liu,  Q.,  Tarn,  R.,  Lynch,  D., and  Skjodt,  N. M. (2007). Physicochemical properties of dry matter and starch from potatoes grown in Canada. Food Chem., 105, 897-907.
•  Liu,  Q.,  Weber,  E.,  Currie,  V., and  Yada,  R. (2003). Physicochemical properties of starches during potato growth. Carbohydr. Polym., 51, 213-221.
•  Madsen,  M. H. and  Christensen,  D. H. (1996). Changes in viscosity properties of potato starch during growth. Starch - Stärke, 48, 245-249.
•  Miranda,  M. L. and  Aguilera,  J. M. (2006). Structure and texture properties of fried potato products. Food Rev. Int., 22, 173-201.
•  Noda,  T.,  Kottearachchi,  N. S.,  Tsuda,  S.,  Mori,  M.,  Takigawa,  S.,  Matsuura-Endo,  C., and  Yamauchi,  H. (2007). Starch phosphorus content in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars and its effect on other starch properties. Carbohydr. Polym., 68, 793-796.
•  Noda,  T.,  Tsuda,  S.,  Mori,  M.,  Takigawa,  S.,  Matsuura-Endo,  C.,  Sato,  K., and  Yamauchi,  H. (2004a). The effect of harvest dates on the starch properties of various potato cultivars. Food Chem., 86, 119-125.
•  Noda,  T.,  Tsuda,  S.,  Mori,  M.,  Takigawa,  S.,  Matsuura-Endo,  C.,  Hashimoto,  N., and  Yamauchi,  H. (2004b). Properties of starches from potato varieties grown in Hokkaido. J. Appl. Glycosci., 51, 241-246.
•  Parada,  J. and  Aguilera,  J. M. (2012). Effect of native crystalline structure of isolated potato starch on gelatinization behavior and consequently on glycemic response. Food Res. Int., 45, 238-243.
•  Shoji,  S. and  Takahashi,  T. (2002). Environmental and agricultural significance of volcanic ash soils. Global Environ. Res., 6, 113-135.
•  Singh,  J.,  McCarthy,  O. J., and  Singh,  H. (2006). Physico-chemical and morphological characteristics of New Zealand Taewa (Maori potato) starches. Carbohydr. Polym., 64, 569-581.
•  Singh,  J. and  Singh,  N. (2001). Studies on the morphological, thermal and rheological properties of starch separated from some Indian potato cultivars. Food Chem., 75, 67-77.
•  Waterschoot,  J.,  Gomand,  S. V.,  Fierens,  E., and  Delcour,  J. A. (2014). Production, structure, physicochemical and functional properties of maize, cassava, wheat, potato and rice starches. Starch/Staerke, 66, 1-16.
•  Wiesenborn,  D. P.,  Orr,  P. H.,  Casper,  H. H., and  Tacke,  B. K. (1994). Potato starch paste behavior as related to some physical/chemical properties. J. Food Sci., 59, 644-648.
•  Yousif,  E. I.,  Gadallah,  M. G. E., and  Sorour,  A. M., (2012). Physico-chemical and rheological properties of modified corn starches and its effect on noodle quality. Ann. Agric. Sci., 57, 19-27.
•  Yuan,  R. C.,  Thompson,  D. B., and  Boyer,  C. D. (1993). Fine structure of amylopectin in relation to gelatinization and retrogradation behavior of maize starches from three wx-containing genotypes in two inbred lines. Cereal Chem., 70, 81-89.
•  Yun,  S. and  Matheson,  N., (1990). Estimation of amylose content of starches after precipitation of amylopectin by concanavalin-A. Starch-Stärke, 42, 302-305.