Comparative Study of Volatile Components in Fruits of Thorny and Non-thorny Types of Zanthoxylum schinifolium

Jianmin Tang; Qinhong Liao; Wenlin Zhang; Si Tan; Jianbin Lan; Zhexin Li; Xia Liu

doi:10.3136/fstr.26.883

Abstract

Volatiles in fruits of thorny and non-thorny types of Zanthoxylum schinifolium were determined and compared. In all samples, linalool, d-limonene, sabinene, 3-nonanone, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were identified as the predominant volatiles. They presented 26.50%, 24.41%, 14.91%, 6.52%, 4.82% and 3.33% of total relative area (RA) in thorny type sample, respectively. Similarly, the six predominant volatiles occupied 29.12%, 19.02%, 12.77%, 2.72%, 5.02%, and 5.82% of total RA in non-thorny type sample. The contents of d-limonene, sabinene and 3-nonanone in thorny type sample were significantly higher than those in non-thorny type sample (p < 0.01), whereas the contents of linalool, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were lower. Partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed that thorny and non-thorny types samples could be clearly differentiated based on the contents of volatiles. Citronellal, linalool oxide, nonanal, 1-heptanol and (E)-2-nonenal were the marked characteristic volatiles in fruits of thorny and non-thorny types samples. The findings provide important information for cultivation and utilization of Zanthoxylum schinifolium.

Introduction

Zanthoxylum schinifolium (Z. schinifolium) is native to Japan, Korea and China, which is extensively cultivated in southern China named green huajiao, and is generally consumed in Asia as a popular flavoring with spicy and pungent taste (Diao et al., 2013; Jie et al., 2019). The fruits and leaves of Z. schinifolium also present pharmacological properties, such as antiplatelet aggregation, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities, and are used as traditional Chinese medicine (Wang et al., 2011; Diao et al., 2013; Wu and Wu 2014). In addition to the distinctive taste, the fruits of Z. schinifolium have strong anise, pepper and citrus flavors, which derive from a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (Zhao et al., 2013).

Up to now, the main VOCs have been identified in Z. schinifolium fruits and the VOCs in some cultivars were profiled. Diao et al. (2013) analyzed the volatiles of the essential oil from named ‘Jiuye’ green huajiao which grew in Jinyang county of Sichuan province and identified the major components. Seo et al. (2009) extracted the volatile compounds of dried Z. schinifolium named ‘sancho’ purchased from a dispensary of Korea Medicine Herbal, Gwangju, Korea and characterized the selected chiral constituents of ‘sancho’ oil. Yang (2008) used the advanced peak deconvolution and data processing software to reveal many overlapping components in essential oil of Z. schinifolium obtained in Chongqing market comprehensively. In addition, Wang et al. (2011) investigated the VOCs in essential oils of Z. schinifolium (Northeastern China) fruits and leaves, and further identified the separated and purified compounds including estragole, linalool and sabinene by means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis. Even so, the information about VOCs in Z. schinifolium is still very limited.

‘Jiuyeqing’ is the main local cultivar, accounting for more than 90% of green huajiao in southern China, due to its good adaptability, easy cultivation and high economic value (Feng et al., 2015). After entering the fruiting period, some trees sprout the prickles on branches, which affects the picking of fruit. Based on the branch trait, ‘Jiuyeqing’ can be divided into two types, namely thorny type and non-thorny type. The non-thorny type has less prickle on the branch, so it is largely easy to pick and convenient for daily management and also saves the labor costs. On the contrary, the thorny type with much prickle brings great inconvenience to harvesting. In recent years, the differences of VOCs in Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Z. bungeanum) and Z. schinifolium (Yang et al., 2008), Zanthoxylum piperitum (Z. piperitum) and Z. schinifolium (Lee et al., 2016), and Z. bungeanum Maxim cultivars (Liu et al., 2017) were studied. However, the difference in composition and content of VOCs in fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of Z. schinifolium is still unknown.

In the study, in order to identify the characteristic VOCs, the volatiles components in the fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’ were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and compared. The partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method was employed to study the difference of their volatile profiles. The purpose of this study is only to understand the difference of volatile components in thorny type and non-thorny type fruits, identify the main contributor to each type of ‘Jiuyeqing’, and the results will provide useful information for utilization of Z. schinifolium.

Materials and Methods

Plant materials and chemical reagents The experimental orchard is located in Rongchang, Chongqing, China. The sample trees of ‘Jiuyeqing’ were cultivated in 2009. These trees were widespread in a same garden with the same standard management and soil condition. Fifteen non-thorny type trees and thorny type trees with the same tree shape were marked for sampling, respectively. Five trees were as a replicate for each type, and three biological replicates were used for non-thorny type and thorny type. Ten panicles outside of canopy were sampled from each marked tree in August, 2017. The weight of single panicle and hundred-grain weight for each type were measured and shown in Table 1. Fruits with no visible disease or damage were picked from each panicle. The fruit maturity in each panicle was evaluated based on skin colour analyzed using a MiniScan XE plus (Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc., Reston, VA). The negative values of a* and CCI (citrus colour index) indicate the degree of green, and CCI was calculated according to the formula: CCI = 1 000 × a*/(L* × b*). Fruit with colour values of a* = −18.8 ± 2.14, CCI = −11.23 ± 1.14 was selected for sampling in each panicle. All selected fruits from each five trees were mixed completely and then 100 fruits were randomly chosen as one replicate for volatiles determination. These fruits were ground into fine powder in liquid nitrogen using a 6750 freezer-mill apparatus (Glen Creston), and then the powder was stored at −80 °C until analysis (Zhang et al., 2016). Cyclohexanol was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents of analytical grade were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Table 1. Average single panicle weight and hundred-grain weight of the fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’ at maturation stage.

Cultivars	Average single panicle weight (g)	Hundred-grain weight (g)
Thorny type	7.75±1.06	9.57
Non-thorny type	5.33±1.82	8.24

Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (n = 9).

Determination of volatile components The VOCs contents were determined by the previous method with some modifications (Zheng et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2019). The 1.5 g fruit powder was homogenized with 3 mL saturated NaCl solution, and 20 µL cyclohexanol was added as internal standard, then the mixture was incubated at 40 °C for 30 min. A solid-phase microextraction needle with a 1 cm long fiber (Supelco, Bellefonte PA, USA) was used for VOCs extraction. A GC-MS-QP2010 gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with a 30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.5 µm Rtx-5MS capillary column (J&W Scientific, Folsom CA, USA) was employed to identify VOCs, and the injection volume and port temperature was 1 µL and 240 °C, respectively. Ultrapure helium was the carrier gas with a rate of 1.0 mL/min. The GC oven temperature was held at 40 °C for 3 min, and then raised to 250 °C at a rate of 4 °C min⁻¹ for 5 min. Mass spectra were gained by electron ionization at 70 eV in 40–500 mass units. The detector, ion source and transfer line temperature were kept at 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C, respectively. Three replicates were carried out for each sample. The mass spectra and chromatograms were studied by GC-MS postrun analysis software (Shimadzu, Japan). The compounds were systematically identified by comparing their mass spectra with the data system library (NIST08), retention index (RI) and EI mass spectra data from authentic compounds (Xi et al., 2014; Adel et al., 2019). Semi-quantitative determinations were obtained by using cyclohexanol as the internal standard and the relative area (RA) of VOCs were obtained from exhibited peak area ratios to the total peak area (Adel et al., 2019; Du et al., 2019). The RI of compounds was calculated by the retention times of a homologous series of alkanes (C7–C30).

Statistical analysis The statistical analysis was based on the RA of VOCs (Adel et al., 2019; Du et al., 2019). All data was expressed as means ± standard deviation of three replicates. Significant differences between the samples were calculated by Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test at 1% level. A multivariate approach of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) (mixOmics package) was used to analyze the differences of volatile compositions in thorny type and non-thorny type of green huajiao (Gao et al., 2018; Medina et al., 2019).

Results and Discussion

VOCs in thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’ The total ion chromatograms of thorny type and non-thorny type samples were shown that rich compounds were detected (Fig. 1). Generally, the detection result can be available when the detected peak area reaches more than 90% of the total peak area (Alolga et al., 2015; Ao et al., 2019). A total of 98 VOCs, accounting for over 96% of the total peak area, including 33 olefins, 24 alcohols, 10 esters, 10 alkanes, 14 aldehydes and 7 ketones, were identified and semi-quantified by GC-MS (Table 2). Totally, 75 and 84 VOCs were respectively detected in thorny type and no-thorny type samples, which were much more than those of other previous reports about Z. schinifolium (Iseli et al., 2007; Jia et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2013). VOCs are classified into several categories such as olefins, alcohols, ketones and so on due to enzymatic or chemical oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids, or maillard reactions and strecker degradation of free amino acids (Dashdorj et al., 2015; Ho et al., 2015). In the present study, olefins, alcohols and ketones were identified as the major VOCs in all samples (Table. 2). In thorny type sample, olefins were the most abundant component, accounting for 60.13% of total relative area, followed by alcohols (28.69%) and ketones (7.84%). As for non-thorny type sample, the proportion of olefins, alcohols and ketones were 55.58%, 33.19% and 3.63% of total relative area, respectively. It was seen that the peaks of dominant compounds including linalool, d-limonene, sabinene, 3-nonanone, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene in thorny type and non-thorny type samples were well separated and their RA can reach 80.49% and 74.47% of total RA, respectively (Fig. 1, Table 2). In thorny type sample, the dominant compounds accounted for 26.50%, 24.41%, 14.91%, 6.52%, 4.82% and 3.33% of the total RA. Similar ratios of these major components were found in non-thorny type sample, with 29.12%, 19.02%, 12.77%, 2.72%, 5.02% and 5.82% of total RA.

Fig. 1.

Stacking chart of total ion chromatograms of volatile components in the fruits of thorny type (A) and non-thorny type (B) of ‘Jiuyeqing’. 21, linalool; 63, sabinene; 64, β-myrcene; 67, β-phellandrene; 68, d-limonene; 93, 3-nonanone. The numbers correspond to those in Table 2. IS, internal standard of cyclohexanol.

Table 2. Volatile components in the fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’.

NO.	Volatiles	RI	RA (%)
			Thorny type	Non-thorny type
	Aldehydes
1	hexanal	796	nd	0.02±0.01
2	(E)-2-hexenal	813	nd	0.03±0.00
3	heptanal	884	0.02±0.01^b	0.04±0.01^a
4	octanal	990	0.07±0.02^b	0.62±0.37^a
5	nonanal	1113	0.01±0.00	nd
6	citronellal	1139	0.15±0.00^a	0.13±0.01^b
7	(E)-2-nonenal	1140	nd	0.02±0.00
8	phellandral	1172	nd	0.04±0.01
9	decanal	1183	0.19±0.01^b	1.64±0.14^a
10	myrtenal	1165	0.14±0.01^a	0.05±0.01^b
11	undecanal	1301	0.07±0.00^a	0.07±0.01^a
12	dodecanal	1392	0.03±0.01^a	0.03±0.01^a
13	tetradecanal	1597	0.01±0.00^b	0.44±0.026^a
14	9-octadecenal	1984	nd	0.02±0.01
	SUM		0.69±0.06^b	3.15±0.61^a
	Alcohols
15	1-heptanol	834	nd	0.01±0.00
16	3-hexen-1-ol	867	nd	0.02±0.01
17	cyclohexanemethanol	1025	0.01±0.01^b	0.06±0.00^a
18	linalool oxide	1078	0.02±0.00	nd
19	thujanol	1079	0.06±0.05^a	0.01±0.00^b
20	1-octanol	1085	0.05±0.01^b	0.11±0.03^a
21	linalool	1088	26.50±1.43^b	29.12±1.62^a
22	cis-p-2-menthen-1-ol	1090	0.07±0.01^a	0.08±0.02^a
23	terpineol	1142	0.37±0.02^b	0.62±0.04^a
24	borneol	1167	0.02±0.00^a	0.03±0.01^a
25	4-terpineol	1186	0.22±0.03^a	0.19±0.02^b
26	α-terpineol	1191	.25±0.02^a	0.21±0.01^b
27	myrtenol	1193	0.05±0.01^a	0.06±0.01^a
28	citronellol	1207	0.01±0.00	nd
29	geraniol	1255	nd	0.02±0.01
30	1-eicosanol	1334	0.02±0.02	nd
31	8-p-menthene-1,2-diol	1340	nd	0.02±0.01
32	1-decanol	1439	nd	0.03±0.00
33	nerolidol	1563	0.97±0.15^b	1.27±0.02^a
34	carotol	1590	0.01±0.00^b	0.23±0.02^a
35	agarospirol	1597	0.02±0.01^b	0.06±0.00^a
36	guaiol	1646	nd	0.37±0.01
37	β-eudesmol	1651	0.04±0.04^a	0.50±0.02^a
38	α-cadinol	1653	nd	0.17±0.01
	SUM		28.69±1.81^b	33.19±1.87^a
	Esters
39	methyl 2-methylvalerate	860	0.01±0.00^b	0.03±0.00^a
40	isobutyl acetate	1019	0.05±0.00^a	0.01±0.00^b
41	methyl 2-hexyl acrylate	1151	0.01±0.00	nd
42	methyl 5-methyl hexanoate	1247	0.01±0.01^b	0.07±0.03^a
43	methyl (S)-citronellate	1264	nd	0.01±0.01
44	(-)-trans-pinocarvyl acetate	1270	0.01±0.01	nd
45	bornyl acetate	1287	0.02±0.00	nd
46	myrtenyl acetate	1325	0.05±0.00^a	0.02±0.00^b
47	methyl 10-undecenoate	1372	0.01±0.00	nd
48	ethyl 2-methyl-2-buten-carboxylate	1586	nd	0.02±0.01
	SUM		0.17±0.02^a	0.16±0.05^a
	Alkanes
49	oxirane	713	0.19±0.03	nd
50	cyclohexane	759	0.11±0.07^a	0.03±0.01^b
51	(-)-camphene	942	0.04±0.02^a	0.03±0.01^a
52	sabenene	970	nd	0.61±0.18
53	limonene monoxide	1032	nd	0.03±0.01
54	cis-3-hexyl-1,1,2-trimethyl-cyclobutane	1235	nd	0.08±0.02
55	4-methyl-dodecane	1255	0.02±0.00	nd
56	tetradecane	1411	0.08±0.01^a	0.01±0.00^b
57	pentadecane	1510	0.01±0.01	nd
58	hexadecane	1613	0.17±0.03^a	0.11±0.02^b
	SUM		0.62±0.17^b	0.90±0.25^a
	Olefins
59	α-thujene	926	0.97±0.12^a	0.84±0.08^b
60	α-pinene	931	1.31±0.09^a	1.25±0.05^b
61	α-phellandrene	934	0.72±0.05^a	0.44±0.08^b
62	β-pinene	978	1.42±0.15^a	1.47±0.07^a
63	sabinene	979	14.91±0.81^a	12.77±0.83^b
64	β-myrcene	990	4.82±0.23^b	5.02±0.13^a
65	α-terpilene	1014	0.67±0.09^a	0.64±0.06^a
66	p-cymene	1023	0.13±0.01^a	0.12±0.01^a
67	β-phellandrene	1027	3.33±0.27^b	5.82±0.09^a
68	d-limonene	1030	24.41±1.05^a	19.02±0.66^b
69	β-ocimene	1042	1.06±0.09^b	1.16±0.16^a
70	γ-terpinene	1067	0.96±0.13^a	0.93±0.11^a
71	terpinolene	1088	nd	0.53±0.02
72	1,3,8-p-menthatriene	1115	nd	0.11±0.01
73	α-cubebene	1349	0.05±0.00^b	0.07±0.00^a
74	azulene	1362	nd	0.18±0.05
75	(+)-cyclosativene	1370	0.05±0.01	nd
76	copaene	1378	0.05±0.01^b	0.08±0.01^a
77	α-calacorene	1379	0.02±0.01^b	0.06±0.01^a
78	ylangene	1387	0.03±0.01^a	0.03±0.01^a
79	γ-gurjunene	1411	0.08±0.02^a	0.06±0.02^b
80	caryophyllene	1420	0.99±0.06^a	0.29±0.02^b
81	γ-elemene	1425	0.69±0.08^a	0.42±0.02^b
82	β-cubebene	1427	1.62±0.18^b	2.11±0.08^a
83	(Z,Z,Z)-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene	1443	0.62±0.08	nd
84	(-)-aristolene	1450	nd	0.07±0.00
85	(E)-β-farnesene	1457	0.10±0.03^b	0.36±0.03^a
86	α-muurolene	1495	0.06±0.01^b	0.11±0.01^a
87	γ-cadinene	1525	0.90±0.12^b	1.32±0.09^a
88	(+)-epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene	1528	0.07±0.03	nd
89	calarene	1560	0.02±0.01^a	0.01±0.00^b
90	germacrene B	1564	0.06±0.00^b	0.28±0.04^a
91	8-heptadecene	1682	0.01±0.00^a	0.01±0.00^a
	SUM		60.13±3.75^a	55.58±2.75^b
	Ketones
92	3-methylhexan-2-one	835	nd	0.02±0.01
93	3-nonanone	1063	6.52±3.07^a	2.72±1.16^b
94	α-thujone	1108	0.85±0.26^a	0.49±0.03^b
95	β-thujone	1119	0.42±0.02^a	0.28±0.01^b
96	2-methyl-1-nonen-3-one	1116	nd	0.05±0.00
97	piperitone	1255	0.03±0.00^b	0.05±0.00^a
98	cyclohexanone	1286	0.02±0.00^a	0.02±0.01^a
	SUM		7.84±3.35^a	3.63±1.22^b
	Total		98.14±9.16^a	96.61±6.75^b

1 nd, not detected; RA, relative area.

2 Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation (n=3).

3 Different lowercase letters between columns represent significant differences between types (p < 0.01).

Previous study showed that limonene (21%) was the main component of VOCs in Z. schinifolium extracted by supercritical fluid extraction with CO₂, followed by 4-terpineol and γ-terpinene (Iseli et al., 2007). Yang (2008) considered the major VOCs for Z. schinifolium (from Chongqing, China) were linalool (29%), limonene (14%) and sabinene (13%), and the linalyl acetate (15%), linalool (13%), and limonene (12%) were the major components of Z. bungeanum. Moreover, some researchers found that drying Z. schinifolium (from Sichuan, China) contained the major VOCs including linalool (28.2%), limonene (13.2%), sabinene (12.1%), myrcene (6.12%), linalyl acetate (3.90%), 4-terpinenol (3.72%) and β-phellandrene (3.38%) (Diao et al., 2013). However, it was reported that the major VOCs extracted by hydrodistillation of fresh Z. schinifolium were estragole (69.52%), linalool (8.63%) and limonene (4.34%) (Wang et al., 2011). Lee (2016) found that estragole (75.03%), 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4.60%), 2-undecanone (2.86%) were the major compounds in Z. schinifolium (from Jecheon, Korea). In our previous study, linalool, limonene, eucalyptol, 3-nonanone, and b-myrcene were identified as the five predominant components in fresh and dried Z. bungeanum Maxim (Zhang et al., 2019). In this work, we observed that linalool, d-limonene, sabinene, 3-nonanone,β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were the dominant volatiles in the ‘Jiuyeqing’ huajiao. Obviously, the difference existed in the content and composition of VOCs from huajiao between this work and the above previous studies, which suggested that VOCs in huajiao depend on many factors such as the species, geographic regions, drying process and used extraction method (Diao et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2011).

Comparison of VOCs in thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’ The present results showed that the number of VOCs in non-thorny type sample was more than that in thorny type sample (Table 2). The percentages of olefins and ketones in thorny type sample were significantly higher than that in non-thorny type sample (p < 0.01), but alcohols and aldehydes were lower (p < 0.01). Moreover, the contents of d-limonene, sabinene and 3-nonanone in thorny type sample were significantly higher than those in non-thorny type sample (p < 0.01), whereas linalool, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were lower (p < 0.01). In addition, 61 VOCs were all detected in the two types samples. It is interesting that 23 VOCs such as hexanal, (E)-2-nonenal, phellandral, (E)-2-hexenal et al. were only detected in non-thorny type sample, however, 14 VOCs including nonanal, linalool oxide, citronellol, 1-eicosanol et al. were only detected in thorny type sample.

Moreover, PLS-DA model was used to further differentiate thorny and non-thorny types samples based on the contents of identified VOCs (Fig. 2). In the score plots, thorny type and non-thorny type samples were separated clearly (Fig. 2A), indicating that the difference of VOCs profile existed in the two types of samples. The loading of PLS-DA was employed for displaying the specific VOCs to explain the differences between the two cultivars (Chen et al., 2019) (Fig. 2B). Citronellal, linalool oxide and nonanal were the main contributors for thorny type sample, while 1-heptanol and (E)-2-nonenal contributed largely to non-thorny type sample. Overall, the PLS-DA loading result was consistent with the VOCs profile. For example, several specific components located in positive position, which displayed higher contents in thorny type sample when compared with that in non-thorny type sample. Therefore, the VOCs profile of thorny and non-thorny types samples existed the characteristic differences.

Fig. 2.

Score plots (A) and loading (B) of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for VOCs in the fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of ‘Jiuyeqing’.

Conclusions

The VOCs in the fruits of thorny type and non-thorny type of Z. schinifolium were identified and compared. Compared with thorny type sample, non-thorny type sample contained rich number of VOCs. Olefins were the dominant class of VOCs in all tested samples, followed by alcohols and ketones. The percentages of olefins and ketones in thorny type sample were higher than that in non-thorny type sample, but alcohols and aldehydes were lower. Linalool, d-limonene, sabinene, 3-nonanone, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were the predominant VOCs in the two types samples. And the contents of d-limonene, sabinene and 3-nonanone in thorny type sample were significantly higher than those in non-thorny type sample, whereas linalool, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene were lower. The marked characteristic VOCs of VOCs have been found in the two types samples. Citronellal, linalool oxide and nonanal were the main contributors for thorny type sample, while 1-heptanol and (E)-2-nonenal contributed largely to non-thorny type sample. These compounds were used to efficiently differentiate the two types of Z. schinifolium.

Acknowledgements This work was supported by Scientific Research Projects of Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences (2017RTZ20, P2017TZ14), National Natural Science Foundation of China (3190140891) and Scientific Research Projects of Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau (cstc2018jscx-msybX0215, cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0693).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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