2024 Volume 3 Pages 231-246
Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges, profoundly affecting all Earth system components. This paper systematically analyzes the major impacts of climate change on the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial systems, covering aspects such as rising temperatures, increased frequency of extreme weather events, sea-level rise, glacier melting, and ecosystem changes. Additionally, the paper delves into the models and methods used for simulating and predicting climate change, including the latest developments and applications of global and regional climate models. Addressing the uncertainties and challenges in simulation predictions, the paper examines factors such as the quality of data inputs, model complexity, and the potential of emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning. The paper also assesses the sensitivity of different regions to climate change, predicts future climate scenarios, and discusses adaptation and mitigation strategies. By emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary research, the paper proposes future research directions and policy recommendations, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive framework for understanding the impact of climate change on the Earth system and its simulation predictions and offering insights for future research and policy-making.