ナチス・ドイツ「帝国圏」における農業資源開発 : 戦時ドイツの食糧自給政策と「東方拡張Ostexpansion」(2013年度シンポジウム 日本帝国圏における農業資源開発-「資源化」と総力戦体制の比較史-)

抄録

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the characteristics of the Nazi food autarky policy and agricultural resource development in the eastward expansion of the Third Reich. Beginning in 1936, an important plank of the Nazi food autarky policy was developing substitutes for imported crops and making them available within Germany's east imperial sphere. We present the case of the Nazi soybean project, based on research by Joachim Drews. While people endeavored to develop new soybean varieties, IG Farben founded a soybean company in Romania and forced the peasants to grow soybeans under contract, which allowed the short-term export of soybeans to Germany. Additionally, we briefly present research produced by Susane Heim on the "Kok-Saghyz" (rubber dandelion) project, which explains how the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, along with the SS, developed its breeding and growing in German-occupied Soviet areas in order to produce a substitute for imported natural rubber. The Nazi food autarky policy, however, was not confined to the resource development of particular crops, but also extended to the agricultural structure reform policy. First, in the annexed Polish areas, such as Warthegau and Dazig-Westpreussen, ethnic Germans farmers from Eastern Europe resettled in the villages immediately after the native Polish peasants had been deported as a result of the Nazi-enforced migration policy at the beginning of WWII. In the allocation of land and housing, the SS distributed a number of small Polish farms to each German re-settler's family. This policy was intended to make the modern independent German family farm. Second, German-occupied Soviet areas such as Ukraine were not merely forced food requisition regions. The Nazi administration sent many German agricultural officials (Landwirtschaftsfuhrer) to these regions as well. They were responsible for controlling the native peasants, but they also became the agents for agricultural reform in 1942: this took the form of a transformation from the kolkhoz (collective farm) into a new mode of organization, the "cultivation cooperative" (Landbaugenossenschaft). Surprisingly, the Nazis additionally intended to mechanize the Russian agriculture through "Ostackerprogramm" (East agricultural program), a program in which many tractors were sent from the Reich into German-occupied Soviet areas. Both in the Polish and Soviet areas, the Nazis "found" a large surplus rural population; they "solved" this problem by sending these people to the Reich as forced agricultural labors. It should be emphasized that the Nazi food autarky policy was more systematic than is usually understood, and was strongly linked with the racial population ideology and agricultural reform planning.