The Effects of Allyl Chloride on Ca2+, Ca2+-Free CaM, cAMP and Ca2+/CaM-PK II Activity in Nerve Cells

Keqin XIE; Shujun GAO; Lei ZHANG; Min ZHANG; Keren SUN

doi:10.1539/joh.40.50

The Effects of Allyl Chloride on Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺-Free CaM, cAMP and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II Activity in Nerve Cells

Keqin XIE, Shujun GAO, Lei ZHANG, Min ZHANG, Keren SUN

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Keywords: Allyl chloride, Nerve cell, Ca²⁺, CaM, cAMP, Ca²⁺/CaM PK II, Neurotoxicity

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1998 Volume 40 Issue 1 Pages 50-54

DOI https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.40.50

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Published: 1998 Received: December 09, 1996 Available on J-STAGE: April 07, 2006 Accepted: July 04, 1997 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : The Effects of Allyl Chloride on Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺ Free CaM, CAMP and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II Activity in Nerve Cells: Keqin X_IE, et al. Institute of Toxicology, Shandong Medical University-Nerve cells in a culture from chicken embryo brain were used to study the allyl chloride-induced effects on the contents of intracellular Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺-free CaM, cAMP and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of allyl chloride there was a significant increase in the content of Ca²⁺and cAMP, and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II in the cells (P<0.01), but a marked decrease in Ca²⁺-free CaM (P<0.01). The results suggest that the neurotoxicity of allyl chloride might be related to the increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ and the activation of CaM and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II, eventually leading to the accumulation of degenerative MT in the nerve axon.
Right : The Effects of Allyl Chloride on Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺ Free CaM, CAMP and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II Activity in Nerve Cells: Keqin X_IE, et al. Institute of Toxicology, Shandong Medical University-Nerve cells in a culture from chicken embryo brain were used to study the allyl chloride-induced effects on the contents of intracellular Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺-free CaM, cAMP and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of allyl chloride there was a significant increase in the content of Ca²⁺and cAMP, and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II in the cells (P<0.01), but a marked decrease in Ca²⁺-free CaM (P<0.01). The results suggest that the neurotoxicity of allyl chloride might be related to the increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ and the activation of CaM and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II, eventually leading to the accumulation of degenerative MT in the nerve axon.

Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : 1) Hygienic Guide Series : Allyl Chloride. Am Ind Hyg Ass J 1963 ; 24: 638-640.
2) He F, Shen D, Guo Y, Lu B. Toxic polyneuropathy due to chronic allyl chloride intoxication. Chinese Med J 1980; 93: 177-182.
3) He F, Jacobs JM, Scaravilli F. The Pathology of allyl chloride neurotoxicity in mice. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1981; 55: 125-133.
4) Sun KR, Yu LH, Yang DC. Research into the effect of allyl chloride on ultrastructure of peripheral neurofibers. Chinese J Ind Hyg & Occup Dis 1986; 4: 174-179 (in Chinese).
5) Zhao LP, Xiao DH. Isolated culture and differentiation of embyro brain cell of human, rat and chicken. Chinese J Anatomy 1985; 8: 269-271 (in Chinese).
6) Zhao SH. Calmodulin ELISA assay. Acta academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1988; 8 : 54-58 (in Chinese).
7) Zhang GY, Tang FM, Zhao SH. Changes of Ca²⁺/CaM dependent protein kinases activities in brain ischemia. Acta academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1990; 10: 112-117 (in Chinese).
8) Shelanski MI, Gaskin F, Cantor CR. Microtubule assembly in the absence of added nucleotides. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1973; 70: 765-768.
9) Gan SD, Fan M. Effect of Ca²⁺ and calmodulin to tubulin in vitro and microtubule in vivo. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1987; 1: 327-331 (in Chinese).
10) Gan SD, Fan M, He GP. Effect of Ca²⁺ on microtubules and axoplasmic transport of sciatic nerve in vivo. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1986; 7: 204-207 (in Chinese).
11) Sun KR, Jiang HM, Cui X. Effects of allyl chloride on the nerve fibre microtubules, neurofilaments and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ contents in rats. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1989; 3: 293-297 (in Chinese).
12) Xie KQ, Sun KR, Yamg DC. Unbalanced calcium homeostasis and cytoskeleton injury in nerve cells induced by allyl chloride. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1995; 9: 292-295 (in Chinese).
13) Kakiuchi S, Yamazaki R. Calcium-dependent phosphodisterase activity and its activating factor (PAE) from brain: Studies on cyclic 3'', 5''-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41: 1104-1110.
14) Keith C, DiPaola M, Maxfield FR, Shelanski ML. Microinjection of Ca²⁺-Calmodulin causes a localized depolymerization of microtubules. J Cell Biol 1983; 97: 1918-1924.
15) Nishida E, Kumagai H, Ohtsuki I. The interactions between calcium-dependent regulator protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and microtubule proteins. I. Effect of Ca²⁺-dependent regulator protein on the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of microtubule assembly. J Biochem 1979; 85: 1257-1262.
16) Zhang GY, Tang FM, Zhao SH. Changes of Ca²⁺-CaM dependent protein kinase activities in brain ischemia. Acta Academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1990; 10: 112-117 (in Chinese).
17) Zhang GY, Zhao SH. Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem & Biophysiol Devel 1992; 19: 263-268 (in Chinese).
18) Colbran RJ. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem J 1989; 258: 313-320.
19) Goldenring JR. Tubulin associated calmodulindependent kinase: evidence for an endogenous complex of tubulin with a Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent kinase. J Neurochem 1984; 43: 1669-1679.
20) Yamamoto H, Fukunaga K, Tanaka E, Miyamoto E. Ca²⁺-and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 and tau factor, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. J Neurochem 1983; 41: 1119-1125.
21) Suwita E, Lapadula DM, Abou-Donia MB. Calcium and calmodulin stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of rooster brain tubulin and MAP₂ following a single oral dose of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Brain Res 1986; 374: 199-203.
22) Kakiuchi S, Sobue K. Ca²⁺-and calmodulin-dependent flip-flop mechanism in microtubule assemblydisassembly. FEBS Lett 1981; 132: 141-143.
23) Godernring JR. Phosphorylation of MAP₂ at distinct sites by CaM and CAMP dependent kinase. J Neurochem, 1985; 45: 900-905.

Right : 1) Hygienic Guide Series : Allyl Chloride. Am Ind Hyg Ass J 1963 ; 24: 638-640.
2) He F, Shen D, Guo Y, Lu B. Toxic polyneuropathy due to chronic allyl chloride intoxication. Chinese Med J 1980; 93: 177-182.
3) He F, Jacobs JM, Scaravilli F. The Pathology of allyl chloride neurotoxicity in mice. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1981; 55: 125-133.
4) Sun KR, Yu LH, Yang DC. Research into the effect of allyl chloride on ultrastructure of peripheral neurofibers. Chinese J Ind Hyg & Occup Dis 1986; 4: 174-179 (in Chinese).
5) Zhao LP, Xiao DH. Isolated culture and differentiation of embyro brain cell of human, rat and chicken. Chinese J Anatomy 1985; 8: 269-271 (in Chinese).
6) Zhao SH. Calmodulin ELISA assay. Acta academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1988; 8 : 54-58 (in Chinese).
7) Zhang GY, Tang FM, Zhao SH. Changes of Ca²⁺/CaM dependent protein kinases activities in brain ischemia. Acta academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1990; 10: 112-117 (in Chinese).
8) Shelanski MI, Gaskin F, Cantor CR. Microtubule assembly in the absence of added nucleotides. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1973; 70: 765-768.
9) Gan SD, Fan M. Effect of Ca²⁺ and calmodulin to tubulin in vitro and microtubule in vivo. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1987; 1: 327-331 (in Chinese).
10) Gan SD, Fan M, He GP. Effect of Ca²⁺ on microtubules and axoplasmic transport of sciatic nerve in vivo. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 1986; 7: 204-207 (in Chinese).
11) Sun KR, Jiang HM, Cui X. Effects of allyl chloride on the nerve fibre microtubules, neurofilaments and Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ contents in rats. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1989; 3: 293-297 (in Chinese).
12) Xie KQ, Sun KR, Yamg DC. Unbalanced calcium homeostasis and cytoskeleton injury in nerve cells induced by allyl chloride. Chinese J Pharmacol & Toxicol 1995; 9: 292-295 (in Chinese).
13) Kakiuchi S, Yamazaki R. Calcium-dependent phosphodisterase activity and its activating factor (PAE) from brain: Studies on cyclic 3', 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1970; 41: 1104-1110.
14) Keith C, DiPaola M, Maxfield FR, Shelanski ML. Microinjection of Ca²⁺-Calmodulin causes a localized depolymerization of microtubules. J Cell Biol 1983; 97: 1918-1924.
15) Nishida E, Kumagai H, Ohtsuki I. The interactions between calcium-dependent regulator protein of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and microtubule proteins. I. Effect of Ca²⁺-dependent regulator protein on the Ca²⁺ sensitivity of microtubule assembly. J Biochem 1979; 85: 1257-1262.
16) Zhang GY, Tang FM, Zhao SH. Changes of Ca²⁺-CaM dependent protein kinase activities in brain ischemia. Acta Academiae Medicinae XuZhou 1990; 10: 112-117 (in Chinese).
17) Zhang GY, Zhao SH. Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem & Biophysiol Devel 1992; 19: 263-268 (in Chinese).
18) Colbran RJ. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem J 1989; 258: 313-320.
19) Goldenring JR. Tubulin associated calmodulindependent kinase: evidence for an endogenous complex of tubulin with a Ca²⁺-calmodulin-dependent kinase. J Neurochem 1984; 43: 1669-1679.
20) Yamamoto H, Fukunaga K, Tanaka E, Miyamoto E. Ca²⁺-and calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 and tau factor, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. J Neurochem 1983; 41: 1119-1125.
21) Suwita E, Lapadula DM, Abou-Donia MB. Calcium and calmodulin stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of rooster brain tubulin and MAP₂ following a single oral dose of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Brain Res 1986; 374: 199-203.
22) Kakiuchi S, Sobue K. Ca²⁺-and calmodulin-dependent flip-flop mechanism in microtubule assemblydisassembly. FEBS Lett 1981; 132: 141-143.
23) Godernring JR. Phosphorylation of MAP₂ at distinct sites by CaM and CAMP dependent kinase. J Neurochem, 1985; 45: 900-905.

Date of correction: April 07, 2006 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Abstract

The Effects of Allyl Chloride on Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺ Free CaM, CAMP and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II Activity in Nerve Cells: Keqin X_IE, et al. Institute of Toxicology, Shandong Medical University-Nerve cells in a culture from chicken embryo brain were used to study the allyl chloride-induced effects on the contents of intracellular Ca²⁺, Ca²⁺-free CaM, cAMP and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of allyl chloride there was a significant increase in the content of Ca²⁺and cAMP, and the activity of Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II in the cells (P<0.01), but a marked decrease in Ca²⁺-free CaM (P<0.01). The results suggest that the neurotoxicity of allyl chloride might be related to the increase in intracellular Ca²⁺ and the activation of CaM and Ca²⁺/CaM-PK II, eventually leading to the accumulation of degenerative MT in the nerve axon.

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